| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate |
| AF | Autofluorescence |
| AGEs | Advanced glycation end products |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| BMMY | Buffered methanol-complex medium |
| DMF | 1-deoxy-1-morpholino-D-fructose |
| DTT | Dithiothreitol |
| EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
| ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| FN3K | Fructosamine-3-kinase |
| HE | Hematoxylin and eosin |
| IMAC | Immobilized metal affinity chromatography |
| IQR | Interquartile range |
| NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| PBS | Phosphate buffered saline |
| SDS-PAGE | Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
| WT | Wild-type |