Table 3.
Chemical composition of various natural Fibers
| Natural Fiber | Cellulose Content (%) | Hemicellulose Content (%) | Lignin Content (%) | Pectin Content (%) | Wax Content (%) | Ash Content (%) | Moisture Content (%) | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaca | 56–63 | 20–25 | 7–12 | 0.8 | 3 | - | - | [19,59,60,61,62,63,64] |
| Acacia Arabica (Indian gum Arabic tree) |
68.10 | 9.36 | 16.86 | - | 0.49 | - | - | [65] |
| Acacia Leucophloea (White-barked acacia) |
68.09 | 13.6 | 17.73 | - | 0.55 | 0.08 | 8.83 | [65,66] |
| Acacia Planifrons (Umbrella thorn) |
73.1 | 9.41 | 12.04 | - | 0.57 | 4.06 | 8.21 | [65] |
| Agave | 68.42 | 4.85 | 4.85 | - | 0.26 | - | 7.69 | [65] |
| Alfa | 45.4 | 38.5 | 14.9 | - | 2 | - | - | [59,60,61,63,64] |
| Areca | 57.35–58.21 | 13–15.42 | 23–24 | - | 0.12 | - | - | [63,67,68] |
| Bagasse | 32–55.2 | 16.8–25 | 19–25.3 | 10 | - | - | - | [52,59,60,63,64,69,70] |
| Bamboo | 26–55 | 20.5–30 | 15–32.2 | - | - | - | - | [19,49,52,59,60,63,64,71,72] |
| Banana | 60–65 | 12.5–25 | 5–10 | 4 | - | - | - | [52,59,63,64,69,70,73,74,75,76] |
| Barley | 31–45 | 27–38 | 8–19 | - | 2–7 | - | - | [52,63,73,77] |
| Cissus Quadrangularis (veld grape) root |
77.17 | 11.02 | 10.45 | - | 0.14 | - | 7.3 | [65] |
| Cissus Quadrangularis (veld grape) stem |
82.73 | 7.96 | 11.27 | - | 0.18 | - | 6.6 | [65,78] |
| Coir | 32–45.6 | 0.15–21 | 40–45 | 4 | - | - | - | [52,57,59,60,61,63,64,79,80,81] |
| Corn | 38–40 | 28 | 7–21 | - | 3.6–7 | - | - | [63,73] |
| Cotton | 82.7–90 | 4–5.7 | 0.75 | 6 | 0.6 | - | - | [59,60,61,63,64] |
| Curaua | 70.7–73.6 | 9.9 | 7.5–11.1 | - | - | - | - | [19,59,60,61,63,64,69] |
| Dichrostachys Cinerea (sicklebush) | 72.4 | 13.08 | 16.89 | - | 0.57 | 3.97 | 9.82 | [65,82] |
| Epipremnum Aureum (Devil’s ivy) |
66.34 | 13.42 | 14.01 | - | 0.37 | 4.61 | 7.41 | [65,83] |
| Eucalyptus | 41.7 | 32.56 | 25.4 | 8.2 | 0.22 | - | - | [63,84] |
| Flax | 62–81 | 4–20.6 | 2.2–5 | 0.9 | 1.5–1.7 | - | 10 | [19,52,59,60,63,64,65,69,70,85] |
| Furcraea Foetida | 68.35 | 11.46 | 12.32 | - | 0.24 | 6.53 | 5.43 | [65] |
| Hemp | 67–81 | 5.5–22 | 2.9–13 | 0.8–0.9 | 0.8–2.3 | - | 10.8 | [19,52,59,60,63,64,65,86,87] |
| Henequen | 60–77.6 | 28 | 8–13.1 | - | 0.5 | - | - | [59,60,61,63,64] |
| Heteropogon Contortus (Spear grass) | 64.84 | 19.34 | 13.56 | - | 0.22 | - | 7.4 | [65,88] |
| Hibiscus | 28 | 25 | 22.7 | - | - | - | - | [63,89] |
| Isora | 74 | - | 23 | - | 1.1 | - | - | [59,60,63,64] |
| Jute | 56–72 | 12–35 | 9–14 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 12.6 | [19,52,57,59,60,63,64,65,70,90,91,92] |
| Kenaf | 53.14–53.5 | 3–33 | 8.18–21.5 | 2 | - | 3.5 | 9 | [52,59,60,63,64,65,76,79,93] |
| Kudzu | 33 | 11.6 | 14 | - | - | - | - | [59,64] |
| Nettle | 86 | 10 | - | - | 4 | - | - | [59,64] |
| Oil Palm | 65 | - | 29 | - | - | - | - | [59,64] |
| Palm | 32–35.8 | 24.1–28.1 | 26.5–28.9 | - | - | - | - | [52,94] |
| Perotis indica (Indian comet grass) |
68.4 | 15.7 | 8.35 | - | 0.32 | 4.32 | 9.54 | [65,95] |
| Phromium | 67 | 30 | 11 | - | - | - | - | [60,63] |
| Piassava | 28.6 | 25.8 | 45 | - | - | - | - | [59,64] |
| Pine | 67.29 | 67.29 | 11.57 | - | - | - | - | [52,96] |
| Pineapple | 80.5-81 | 17.5 | 8.3–12.7 | 4 | - | - | - | [19,59,60,63,64] |
| Prosopis Juliflora (Mesquite) | 61.65 | 16.14 | 17.11 | - | 0.61 | 5.2 | 9.48 | [65] |
| Ramie | 72 | 5–16.7 | 0.6–0.8 | 2 | 0.3 | - | - | [59,60,63,64,86] |
| Red Banana Penduncle | 72.90 | 11.01 | 15.99 | - | 0.32 | 2.79 | 9.36 | [65] |
| Rice | 59.9 | 59.9 | 20.6 | - | - | - | - | [52,97] |
| Rice husk | 28–36 | 23–28 | 12–14 | - | 14–20 | - | - | [63,89] |
| Sida Rhombifolia (arrowleaf sida) stem |
75.09 | 15.43 | 7.48 | - | 0.49 | 4.07 | 12.02 | [65,98] |
| Sisal | 57–73 | 11.5–16 | 8–12 | 1.2 | 2 | - | 17 | [19,52,59,60,63,64,65,72,99,100] |
| Sorghum | 27 | 25 | 11 | - | - | - | - | [63,73] |
| Sponge Gourd | 63 | 19.4 | 11.2 | - | 3 | - | - | [59,64] |
| Straw (wheat) | 38–45 | 15–31 | 12–20 | - | - | - | - | [59,64] |
| Sun Hemp | 41–48 | 8.3–13 | 22.7 | - | - | - | - | [59,64] |
| Water Hyacith | 43.58–47.38 | 19.77–22.23 | 9.52–13.08 | - | - | - | - | [52,56,57,85] |
| Wheat | 30–38 | 26–50 | 15–19 | - | 6.8 | - | - | [52,63,77,84] |
-: means not reported.