Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the participants of the study.
| Whole Sample (n = 101) | Robust (n = 13) | Pre-Frail (n = 68) | Frail (n = 20) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.317 | ||||
| Males | 23 (22.8) | 1 (7.7) | 18 (26.5) | 4 (20.0) | |
| Females | 78 (77.2) | 12 (92.3) | 50 (73.5) | 16 (80.0) | |
| Age (years) | 80.4 ± 6.0 | 77.3 ± 5.4 | 80.0 ± 5.8 | 83.0 ± 5.7 | 0.005 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.4 ± 5.4 | 27.2 ± 3.0 | 29.9 ± 5.0 | 29.4 ± 7.1 | 0.262 |
| Weight (kg) | 72.3 ± 14.2 | 66.0 ± 7.0 | 74.8 ± 13.7 | 69.2 ± 16.5 | 0.038 |
| BF% | 37.4 ± 6.9 | 37.6 ± 4.9 | 37.9 ± 7.1 | 36.2 ± 7.4 | 0.569 |
| FFM (kg) | 44.7 ± 8.7 | 41.0 ± 3.5 | 46.2 ± 9.3 | 43.1 ± 8.4 | 0.061 |
| MNA | 23.1 ± 3.1 | 24.6 ± 1.9 | 23.6 ± 3.0 | 21.2 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Risk of malnutrition | 42 (41.6) | 3 (23.0) | 23 (33.8) | 16 (80.0) | <0.001 |
| No risk of malnutrition | 59 (58.4) | 10 (77.0) | 45 (66.2) | 4 (20.0) | |
| ADM | 7.6 ± 0.95 | 8.3 ± 2.4 | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 7.5 ± 2.7 | 0.363 |
| Low ADM | 78 (77.2) | 7 (53.8) | 54 (79.4) | 17 (85.0) | |
| High ADM | 23 (22.8) | 6 (46.2) | 14 (20.6) | 3 (15.0) | |
| Smoking | 3 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.4) | 0 (.055) | 0.643 |
| MMSE | 26.6 ± 2.8 | 27.0 ± 3.0 | 26.8 ± 2.6 | 25.5 ± 2.8 | 0.134 |
BMI: body mass index, BF%: body fat percentage, FFM: fat free mass, SPPB: short physical performance battery, MNA: mini nutritional assessment, ADM: Adherence to Mediterranean Diet, MMSE: Mini mental state examination. n and (%) for categorical variables, mean and standard deviation for continuous variables. All statistical significance was set in p < 0.05.