Table 1.
Pesticides posing (A) a single substance risk of RQi ≥ 1 (acute or chronic); (B) a single substance risk of RQi ≥ 0.1 and <1 (acute or chronic) in at least one water sample based on monitoring data collected in Switzerland (2012–2018). Substances marked with * contributed at least 30% to mixture risk in the respective sample. Total days of exceedance per monitoring year and number of sites are provided in brackets. IN: insecticide; FU: fungicide; HE: herbicide; -: RQi < 0.1; NA: substance was not analyzed.
| (A) Substances with RQi ≥ 1 |
Total Days of Exceedance (Number of Sites Affected) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 2015 | 2017 a | 2018 b | ||||
| RQi | Chronic 1 | Acute 2 | Chronic | Acute | Chronic | Chronic | |
| λ-Cyhalothrin * (IN) | ≥0.1 ≥1.0 |
NA | NA | NA | 10.5 (1) 3.5 (1) |
28 (1) 14 (1) |
42 (2) |
| Cypermethrin * (IN) | ≥0.1 ≥1.0 |
NA | NA | NA | - | 14 (1) | 42 (1) 14 (1) |
| Deltamethrin * (IN) | ≥0.1 ≥1.0 |
NA | NA | NA | - | - | 28 (1) 14 (1) |
| Carbendazim * (FU) | ≥0.1 ≥1.0 |
- | 62(4) | 40.5 (1) | 77 (3) 3.5 (1) |
66.5 (3) | NA |
| Fenpropimorph * (FU) | ≥0.1 ≥1.0 |
53 (2) | - | - | - | 28 (1) 14 (1) |
NA |
|
(B)
Substances with RQi ≥ 0.1 and <1 |
|||||||
| Chlorpyrifos * (IN) | ≥0.1 | NA | 11 (3) | 70 (3) | 3.5 (1) | 63 (3) c | 84 (3) |
| Chlorpyrifos-methyl * (IN) | ≥0.1 | NA | 0.5 (1) | - | - | - | - |
| Diazinon * (IN) | ≥0.1 | 70 (2) | - | 28 (1) | - | - | NA |
| Permethrin * (IN) | ≥0.1 | NA | NA | NA | - | - | 14 (1) |
| S-Metolachlor * (HE) | ≥0.1 | 126 (3) | - | 56 (1) | - | - | NA |
| Linuron * (HE) | ≥0.1 | 14 (1) | - | 79.5(3) | - | 24.5 (1) | NA |
| Diuron * (HE) | ≥0.1 | - | - | 69.5(1) | - | - | NA |
| Aclonifen (HE) | ≥0.1 | - | - | 14 (1) | NA | NA | NA |
| Pendimethalin * (HE) | ≥0.1 | NA | NA | NA | - | 14 (1) | NA |
| Epoxiconazole * (FU) | ≥0.1 | 42 (2) | - | 54.5 (1) | - | 52.5 (2) | NA |
| Tebuconazole (FU) | ≥0.1 | - | - | - | - | 14 (1) | NA |
| Fluopyram * (FU) | ≥0.1 | NA | - | 40 (1) | - | 70 (1) | NA |
| Flusilazole (FU) | ≥0.1 | - | - | 26.5 (1) | - | 14 (1) | NA |
| Pyraclostrobin * (FU) | ≥0.1 | 28 (1) | - | - | - | - | NA |
| Spiroxamine * (FU) | ≥0.1 | - | - | 28 (1) | - | - | NA |
| Azoxystrobin (FU) | ≥0.1 | - | - | - | - | 14 (1) | NA |
| Fluazinam * (FU) | ≥0.1 | - | - | - | - | 14 (1) | NA |
| Fludioxonil (FU) | ≥0.1 | - | - | - | - | 14 (1) | NA |
1 Chronic refers to time-proportional two-week composite samples (2012, 2018) and time-weighted averages over 14 day (2015, 2017), respectively; 2 acute refers to: 0.5-day composite samples (up to 24-day during dry periods, 2015) and 3.5-day composite samples (2017); a pyrethroids were analyzed at only 1 of 5 sites in 2017; b monitoring in 2018 was focused exclusively on 23 pyrethroid insecticides and chlorpyrifos/-methyl, c samples collected from one site (Chrümlisbach, BE) in 2017 were additionally analyzed for chlorpyrifos with a lower LOQ as part of a special study; the period of exceedance based on that dataset was 91 days.