Table 2.
Prevalence of burnout, work–life integration, and professional satisfaction by personal and professional characteristics and EHR clerical burden (bivariate analyses)
| MBI-2 n (%) Burnout | P value | WBI n (%) Burnout | P value | WLI n (%) (strongly) agree | P value | PS n (%) (strongly) agree | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 390 (29.0) | 453 (34.8) | 508 (37.9) | 849 (63.4) | ||||
| Demographics and professional characteristics | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 192 (33.4) | P = .007a | 224 (39.1) | P = .001a | 195 (33.2) | P = .0007a | 357 (61.0) | P = .06 |
| Male | 143 (25.1) | P = .0007a | 163 (28.2) | P < .0001a | 264 (44.6) | P < .0001a | 403 (68.0) | P = .004a |
| Non-binary/third gender/other | 20 (40.0) | P = .11 | 26 (54.2) | P = .004a | 10 (19.2) | P = .004a | 25 (48.1) | P = .02 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 20–39 | 122 (33.5) | P = .05 | 148 (40.3) | P = .004a | 148 (40.0) | P = .37 | 224 (60.7) | P = .13 |
| 40–59 | 190 (30.5) | P = .48 | 221 (35.6) | P = .32 | 216 (33.9) | P = .001a | 392 (61.4) | P = .06 |
| 60+ | 40 (19.7) | P = .0007a | 42 (20.1) | P < .0001a | 104 (47.7) | P = .001a | 167 (76.6) | P < .0001a |
| Faculty level | ||||||||
| Instructor/other | 47 (32.2) | P = .42 | 55 (36.9) | P = .42 | 74 (48.7) | P = .005a | 97 (63.8) | P = 1.00 |
| Assistant prof | 198 (31.7) | P = .06 | 229 (36.8) | P = .04 | 229 (36.0) | P = .12 | 370 (58.2) | P < .0001a |
| Associate prof/professor | 101 (24.7) | P = .009 | 120 (28.9) | P = .007a | 161 (37.7) | P = .76 | 309 (72.4) | P < .001a |
| Full-time status | ||||||||
| Full-time | 327 (30.8) | P = .08 | 386 (36.3) | P < .001a | 386 (35.5) | P < .001a | 683 (62.8) | P = .08 |
| Part time | 32 (23.4) | 28 (19.7) | 84 (57.1) | 103 (70.1) | ||||
| % Time spent on clinical care | ||||||||
| 1%–40% | 79 (24.8) | P = .02 | 95 (29.8) | P = .03 | 133 (40.7) | 0.23 | 230 (70.1) | P = .004a |
| 41%–60% | 78 (28.8) | P = .62 | 103 (38.9) | P = .11 | 98 (35.5) | 0.37 | 178 (64.1) | P = .76 |
| 61%–100% | 233 (32.8) | P = .02 | 255 (35.5) | P = .55 | 277 (37.6) | 0.76 | 441 (60.1) | P = .005a |
| Hours worked/wk | ||||||||
| <40 | 55 (29.3) | P = .84 | 51 (26.2) | P = .009 | 132 (66.3) | P < .0001a | 126 (63.6) | P = 1.00 |
| 41–60 | 164 (27.1) | P = .04 | 188 (31.0) | P = .01 | 258 (41.6) | P = .009 | 413 (66.5) | P = .03 |
| >60 | 138 (34.0) | P = .02 | 175 (43.4) | P < .0001a | 79 (19.0) | P < .0001a | 245 (59.0) | P = .02 |
| Department | ||||||||
| Primary Care | 70 (41.9) | P < .001a | 66 (39.5) | P = .169 | 50 (29.6) | P = .02a | 85 (50.3) | P < .001a |
| All Others | 320 (28.2) | 387 (34.1) | 458 (39.1) | 764 (65.3) | ||||
| Medicine/Pediatric Subspecialty | 60 (27.5) | P = .38 | 80 (36.7) | P = .52 | 65 (28.9) | P = .002a | 145 (64.4) | P = .72 |
| All Others | 330 (30.5) | 373 (34.4) | 443 (39.7) | 704 (63.2) | ||||
| Surgery | 52 (29.7) | P = .93 | 67 (38.1) | P = .33 | 59 (32.4) | P = .10 | 114 (62.6) | P = .82 |
| All Others | 338 (30.0) | 386 (34.3) | 449 (38.8) | 735 (63.5) | ||||
| Hospital/EM | 52 (35.9) | P = .10 | 55 (38.2) | P = .36 | 73 (50.0) | P = .001a | 88 (60.3) | P = .40 |
| All others | 338 (29.3) | 398 (34.4) | 435 (36.4) | 761 (63.8) | ||||
| Anes/Rad/Path | 37 (19.4) | P = .001a | 44 (22.7) | P < 0.001a | 98 (48.0) | P = 0.001a | 153 (75.0) | P < .001a |
| All others | 353 (31.8) | 409 (36.9) | 410 (36.1) | 696 (61.3) | ||||
| Other specialty | 56 (25.0) | P = .07 | 66 (29.5) | P = 0.07 | 99 (43.3) | P = 0.06 | 161 (70.6) | P = .01a |
| All others | 334 (31.0) | 387 (35.9) | 409 (36.8) | 688 (61.9) | ||||
| Other depart | 22 (28.9) | P = .84 | 27 (32.9) | P = .71 | 34 (42.5) | P = .38 | 52 (65.0) | P = .76 |
| All others | 369 (30.1) | 426 (34.9) | 474 (37.6) | 797 (63.3) | ||||
| EHR and clerical work | ||||||||
| Daily clerical work time- min | ||||||||
| <=60 | 250 (26.0) | P < .001a | 295 (30.5) | P < .001a | 414 (41.7) | P < .001a | 683 (68.8) | P < .001a |
| >60 | 138 (42.5) | 155 (48.1) | 86 (25.9) | 155 (46.8) | ||||
| Daily EHR time outside work- min | ||||||||
| <=90 | 251 (25.6) | 302 (30.8) | P < .001a | 434 (43.0) | P < .001a | 677 (67.1) | P < .001a | |
| >90 | 134 (45.4) | P < .001a | 143 (48.3) | 61 (20.1) | 155 (51.2) | |||
| EHR frustration | ||||||||
| Agree | 250 (37.7) | P < .001a | 278 (41.9) | P < .001a | 212 (31.2) | P < .001a | 382 (56.2) | P < .001a |
| Disagree/neutral | 136 (22.0) | 171 (27.6) | 284 (44.4) | 452 (70.8) | ||||
| Practice unloads clerical work | ||||||||
| Agree | 153 (22.7) | P < .001a | 203 (29.9) | P < .001a | 286 (41.1) | P = .01a | 496 (71.1) | P < .001a |
| Disagree/neutral | 230 (38.0) | 245 (40.6) | 213 (34.2) | 338 (54.6) | ||||
| depression, meaning and resilience | ||||||||
| Depression | ||||||||
| Yes | 169 (58.7) | P < .001a | 235 (81.9) | P < .001a | 70 (24.1) | P < .001a | 103 (35.5) | P < .001a |
| No | 215 (21.5) | 217 (21.5) | 431 41.7) | 737 (71.4) | ||||
| Meaning in work | ||||||||
| Agree | 341 (28.0) | P < .001a | 415 (33.8) | P < .001a | 494 (39.2) | P < .001a | 843 (66.9) | P < .001a |
| Neutral/disagree | 47 (63.5) | 37 (52.9) | 14 (18.4) | 5 (6.6) | ||||
| Resilience- CD-RISC-2 Mean (std) | ||||||||
| Burned out/agree | 6.676 (1.403) | P < .001a | 6.696 (1.403) | P < .001a | 7.140 (1.281) | P = .002a | 7.173 (1.177) | P < .001a |
| Not burned out/neutral Disagree | 7.138 (1.189) | 7.166 (1.177) | 6.916 (1.278) | 6.711 (1.402) | ||||
Abbreviations: Anes/Rad/Path, Anesthesia/Radiology/Pathology; CD-RISC-2, Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale 2 item; EM: emergency medicine; EHR: electronic health record; MBI-2: Maslach Burnout Inventory 2 item; min: minutes; PS: Professional Satisfaction (Overall I am satisfied with my job); PHQ-2: patient health questionnaire 2 item; WBI: Mayo Well-Being Index; wk: week; WLI: Work-life integration (My work schedule leaves enough time for my personal/family life).
Note: Percentages were calculated as a proportion of each subgroup in the first column that were positive for burnout on the WBI, MBI, or agreed with the WLI or PS. See Table 1 for subgroup totals. Missing responses for burnout, WLI, and PS were not imputed.
P values for trichotomous variables represent posthoc residual analysis with converted Chi square P values with significance level of .008 based on the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. P values for dichotomous variables represent the Pearson Chi-square 2 sided with a significant P value < .05.