Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author | N | RR | Study design | Male | Age | Specialty | Practice Model | Provider Type | Practice setting | MERSQI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Babbott, 201430 |
379 | 50.3% | Cross-sectional | 55.9% | Mean 43 y | PCP | Mixed | Physicians | Outpatient | 13.7 |
| Gilleland, 201431 | 139 | NR | Cross-sectional | NR | NR | Non-PCP | Academic | Physicians (trainees only) | Outpatient | 10.7 |
| Shanafelt, 20164 | 6560 | 18.3% | Cross-sectional | 31.6% (3% NS) | Median 56 y | 23.3% PCP, 3.3% NS |
24.9% Academic 17.5% NS |
Physicians | Unselected | 11.4 |
| Contratto, 201732 | 7 | 100% | Pre- and postintervention survey | NR | NR | PCP | Academic | Physicians (attendings only) | Outpatient | 13.2 |
| Gregory, 201733 | 16 | NR | Cross-sectional | NR | NR | PCP | Nonacademic | Physicians, NP, PA | Unselected | 11.8 |
| Rassolian, 201734 | 1752 | 91.1% | Cross-sectional | 58.3%c | NR | PCP | Mixed | Physicians (attendings) | Unselected | 14.2 |
| Robertson, 201735 | 585 | 67.6% | Cross-sectional | 45.2% | 34 | PCP | 34.5% academic | Physicians (41.9% attendings) | Unselected | 11.8 |
| Tawfik, 201736 | 1934 | 70.0% | Cross-sectional | 18.1% | NR | Non-PCP | 29% academic hospitals |
Physicians (trainees and attendings): 11.5%, NP: 1.7%, Nurses: 72.2% Other: 14.7% |
Inpatient | 11.8 |
| Domaney, 20188 | 52 | 61.2% | Cross-sectional | NR | NR | Non-PCP | Academic | Physicians (23.1% attendings) |
Outpatient: 46%, ED/consult: 26%, Inpatient: 30% |
11.8 |
| Harris, 201837 | 371 | 31.0% | Cross-sectional | 11.6% |
24-40 y: 29.1% 41-60 y: 47.7% 61-80 y: 23.2% |
32.3% PCP, 30.5% NS | Mixed | NP |
Outpatient: 38.0% inpatient: 62.0% |
13.3 |
| Pozdnyakova, 201838 | 6 | 100% | Pre- and postintervention survey | 50% | NR | PCP | Academic | Physicians (attendings only) | Outpatient | 13.2 |
| Privitera, 201839 | 1048 | 3.8% | Cross-sectional | 63.0% | Mean 55.1 y (SD = 11.3 y) | Mixed | 40.4% academic | Physicians (attendings only) | Unselected | 11.4 |
| Gardner, 201917 | 1792 | 42.7% | Cross-sectional | 64.3% |
30-50 y: 42.5%, 51-64 y: 39%, 65-90 y: 18.5% |
29.4% PCP | Mixed | Physicians (attendings only) | Outpatient: 67.6%, inpatient: 32.3% | 13.3 |
| Kroth, 201940 | 282 | 44.1% | Cross-sectional | 36.4% (14% NS) | Mean 50 y (SD = 11 y) | 68.4% PCP, 1.1% NS | Mixed |
Physicians (attendings only): 85.5%, NP: 5%, PA: 7.1%, NS: 0.4% |
Outpatient | 13.3 |
| Marckini, 201941 | 110 | 28.7% | Cross-sectional | 71.8% | <55 y: 70% | Non-PCP | 80.7% academic | Physicians | Unselected | 11.4 |
| Mehta, 201942 | 2274 | 21.1% | Cross-sectional | 58.1% | NR | Non-PCP | Mixed | Physicians (trainees and attendings) | Unselected | 13.3 |
| Olson, 201943 | 475 | 37.9% | Cross-sectional | 59.2% (4.4% NS) |
25-34 y: 6.7%, 35-44 y: 26.1%, 45-54 y: 24.4%, 55-65 y: 16.0%, >65 y: 8.4% NS: 18.3% |
17.1% PCP, 4.4% NS | 72% academic | Physicians (attendings only) |
Outpatient: 42.1%, inpatient: 21.9%, both: 35.4%, NS: 0.6% |
12.8 |
| Sieja, 201944 | 113 | 55.1% | Pre- and postintervention survey | NR | NR | Non-PCP | Mixed |
Physicians: 73%, NP/PA: 27% |
Outpatient | 13.8 |
| Tai-Seale, 201945 | 934 | 72.3% | Cross-sectional | 45.0% | Mean 50 y (SD = 11 y) | Mixed | Nonacademic | Physicians | Unselected | 14.1 |
|
Tran, 201946 |
107 | 56.3% | Cross-sectional | 29.0% (6% NS) | NR | PCP | Academic |
Physicians (attendings only): 80.4% NP/PA: 17.8%, NS: 1.8% |
Outpatient | 14.1 |
| Adler-Milstein, 202047 | 87 | 66.9% | Cross-sectional | 15.6% (3.9% NS) | NR | PCP | Academic |
Physicians (attendings only): 90% NP or PA: 10% |
Outpatient | 12.9 |
| Giess, 202048 | 159 | 77.9% | Cross-sectional | 51.6% |
<40 y: 22.8% 40-49 y: 29.1% ≥50 y: 27.2% Other: 20.9% |
Non-PCP | 96.8% academic | Physicians (attendings only) | NR | 13.3 |
| Hilliard, 202049 | 422 | 7.2% | Cross-sectional | 45.0% |
<40 y: 27.7% 40-60 y: 56.6% >60 y: 15.6% |
25.8% PCP | Mixed |
Physicians (attendings only): 84.8% NP: 11.1% PA: 4.0% |
Outpatient | 14.1 |
| Melnick, 202050 | 870 | 69.9% | Cross-sectional | 58.5% (0.8% NS) |
Median 53 (interquartile range, 42-61) y |
25.5% PCP, 0.1% NS | 32.2% academic, 19.1% NS | Physicians | Unselected | 13.3 |
| Somerson, 202051 | 203 | 5.8% | Cross-sectional | 79.8% | NR | Non-PCP | Mixed | Physicians (trainees only) | Unselected | 11.4 |
| Tajirian, 202052 | 208 | 44.5% | Cross-sectional | 50.5%, (4.3% NS) |
<30 y: 8.2% 31-40 y: 38.9% 41-50 y: 28.4% 51-60 y: 11.1% ≥61 y: 13.5% |
Non-PCP | Academic | Physicians (84.6% attendings) | Outpatient: 76.4%, inpatient: 39.4%, ED: 19.2%, other: 16.8% | 12.3 |
The percentage of males in the group of providers that were given the survey, not the respondents.
ED: emergency department; MERSQI: Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument; NA: not applicable; NP: nurse practitioner; NR: not reported; NS: not specified; PCP: primary care provider; PA: physician assistant; RR: response rate.