Table 4.
Effect of the study intervention on frailty, physical function, quality of life, and T2D-related outcomes
| Variables | Baseline Mean (SD) | End of study Mean (SD) | Mean Diff | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty total score | 1.61 (1.15) | 0.94 (0.94) | 0.67 | [1.15, 0.18] | 0.01 |
| SPPB total score | 9.22 (2.13) | 10.06 (1.7) | −0.83 | [0.07, −1.74] | 0.069 |
| Frailty characteristic continuous measures (Timed gait, Physical activity using MLTQ, Grip strength) | |||||
| Timed gait over10-Feet, sec | 3.68 (0.89) | 3.38 (0.71) | 0.30 | [0.61, −0.01] | 0.053 |
| Physical activity, kcal/week | 1720.83 (1354.18) | 1673.76 (1655.83) | 47.07 | [746.95, −652.81] | 0.889 |
| Grip strength, kg | 24.28 (11.88) | 26.26 (11.34) | −1.97 | [0.65, −4.6] | 0.132 |
| SPPB sub-score (Balance Tests [side-by-side; semi-tandem, tandem], Gait Speed, Chair Stands) | |||||
| Balance Tests | 3.39 (0.78) | 3.89 (0.47) | −0.50 | [−0. 15, −0.85] | 0.008 |
| Gait Speed | 3.61 (0.61) | 3.72 (0.57) | −0.11 | [0.18, −0.4] | 0.430 |
| Chair Stands | 2.28 (1.27) | 2.44 (1.04) | −0.17 | [0.43, −0.76] | 0.564 |
| T2D-related outcomes (body weight, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c) | |||||
| Bodyweight, lbs. | 205.66 (45.52) | 198.33 (43.60) | 7.32 | [10.73, 3.92] | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.66 (6.28) | 32.51 (6.40) | 1.15 | [1.69, 0.61] | <0.001 |
| Waist Circumference, inches | 43.16 (4.68) | 42.73 (4.81) | 0.42 | [1.36, −0.51] | 0.354 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 138.81 (38.96) | 135.63 (38.79) | 3.18 | [18.55, −12.18] | 0.665 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.95 (0.84) | 6.75 (0.95) | 0.2 | [0.45, −0.05] | 0.108 |
| PROMIS 57 & PROMIS Global Health Scores | |||||
| Anxiety | 47.59 (9.95) | 49.1 (6.09) | −1.51 | [−6.56, 3.55] | 0.538 |
| Depression | 45.69 (9) | 46.76 (6.99) | −1.07 | [−4.36, 2.23] | 0.504 |
| Fatigue | 51.38 (7.43) | 50.38 (6.51) | 1 | [−3.48, 5.48] | 0.643 |
| Pain Interference | 56.08 (7.14) | 56.63 (4.3) | −0.55 | [−4.18, 3.08] | 0.753 |
| Physical Function | 43.29 (7.54) | 43.96 (5.92) | −0.66 | [−3.39, 2.06] | 0.615 |
| Sleep Disturbance | 59.67 (2.47) | 59.09 (2.21) | 0.58 | [−1.11, 2.26] | 0.479 |
| Participate in Social Roles & Activities | 37.49 (6.89) | 35.79 (5.75) | 1.69 | [−2.41, 5.8] | 0.396 |
| Global Physical Health | 42.63 (6.37) | 44.25 (6.77) | −1.62 | [−4.83, 1.59] | 0.303 |
| Global Mental Health | 48.87 (9.03) | 51.69 (6.46) | −2.82 | [−6.38, 0.73] | 0.112 |
| Pain Intensity | 4.06 (1.98) | 3.89 (1.84) | 0.17 | [−0.83, 1.16] | 0.729 |