Table 4.
Socio-Demographic and Lifestyle Factors Affecting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) in Nepal (n=8945)
| Variables | N | COPD | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | OR (95% CI) | AOR 95% CI | |||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
| Age (ref: 20–39 years) | |||||
| 20–39 | 3080 | 197 (6.2) | |||
| 40–59 | 3824 | 386 (10.5) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 0.002 |
| 60 years and above | 2041 | 426 (21.6) | 4.2 (3.3–5.4) | 3.1 (2.3–4.1) | 0.000 |
| Sex (ref: female) | 5138 | 531 (11.0) | |||
| Male | 3807 | 478 (12.5) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.841 |
| Ethnicity (ref: disadvantaged Janajati) | 1878 | 177 (9.3) | |||
| Upper caste group | 3049 | 335 (11.7) | 1.3 (0.1–1.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 0.047 |
| Relatively advantaged Janajati | 1504 | 151(10.2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.281 |
| Disadvantaged non-Dalit Terai caste | 1355 | 200 (15.2) | 1.8 (1.2–2.5) | 1.5 (1.0–2.6) | 0.029 |
| Dalit | 905 | 114 (13.4) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.196 |
| Religious minorities | 254 | 32 (12.4) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 0.441 |
| Education (ref: secondary and above) | 2005 | 101 (5.2) | |||
| Illiterate/no formal schooling | 4876 | 722 (15.7) | 3.4 (2.7–4.4) | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) | 0.000 |
| Below secondary (<10 years) | 2064 | 186 (9.0) | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 0.005 |
| Province (ref: Gandaki Province) | 921 | 56 (6.0) | |||
| Province 1 | 1504 | 92 (6.2) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 0.937 |
| Province 2 | 1473 | 240 (16.4) | 3.1 (1.9–5.1) | 2.6 (1.5–4.5) | 0.001 |
| Bagmati Province | 2211 | 253 (11.7) | 2.1(1.2–3.3) | 2.2 (1.4–3.7) | 0.002 |
| Province 5 | 1559 | 145 (9.5) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 0.091 |
| Karnali Province | 462 | 109 (25.1) | 5.3 (2.9–9.7) | 4.8 (2.6–8.9) | 0.000 |
| Sudurpaschim Province | 815 | 114 (14.3) | 2.6 (1.6–4.2) | 2.4 (1.4–3.9) | 0.001 |
| Lifestyle characteristics | |||||
| Smoking status (ref: non-smokers) | 5955 | 527 (9.1) | |||
| Smokers | 2990 | 482 (16.8) | 2.0 (1.7–2.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | 0.006 |
| Packs per year (ref: 0–14) | 8210 | 847 (10.7) | |||
| 15–24 | 280 | 58 (22.1) | 2.4 (1.7–3.3) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 0.102 |
| 25–49 | 234 | 52 (21.3) | 2.3 (1.6–3.3) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 0.198 |
| 50+ | 221 | 52 (25.5) | 2.9 (2.0–4.1) | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | 0.009 |
| BMI (ref: normal) | 5619 | 600 (11.3) | |||
| Underweight | 1108 | 247 (21.7) | 2.2 (1.8–2.7) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 0.000 |
| Overweight | 2218 | 162 (7.7) | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.002 |