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. 2021 Apr 20;16:2949–2963. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S304515

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© 2021 Luo et al.

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Akk-EVs recruited macrophages and skewed them to an M1-like phenotype. (A–F) Flow cytometry analysis of tumor infiltrated macrophages of solvent- or Akk-EVs-treated mice. Macrophages (Mφ) were identified as CD11b⁺F4/80⁺ cells. Representative plots (A) and quantitative analysis (B) of the proportion of F4/80⁺ cells in CD11b⁺ cells were shown. M1-like and M2-like Mφ were identified as MHC-II⁺CD206⁻ and MHC-II⁻CD206⁺, respectively. Representative plots (C) showed the gating strategy to define different Mφ phenotypes, and quantitative analysis of different subpopulations was also shown (D–F). n = 5 per group. (G and H) Representative images (G) and quantification (H) of CD86-stained PMA-pretreated THP-1 after solvent or Akk-EVs treatment for 48h. Scale bar: 50 μm. (I) qRT-PCR analysis of the expression levels of INOS, CD68, and IL-1β in PMA-pretreated human THP-1 cells receiving different treatments for 24 h. n = 3 per group. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. NS, not significant.