Table 1.
Frequency characteristics of the study population
| Variable | N (%) | Median/range |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | ||
| Gender | 1723 | |
| Girl | 814 (47.2%) | |
| Parental immigration status | 1704 | |
| One parent born abroad | 243 (14.3%) | |
| Maternal school drop-out at baseline | 1626 | |
| Yes | 157 (9.7%) | |
| Maternal symptoms of PPD | 1679 | 4/0–23 |
| EPDS ≥ 10 | 204 (12.0%) | |
| 3-year follow-up | ||
| Behavioral problems | 1428 | 7/0–34 |
| CBCL externalizing ≥ 90th percentile | 134 (9.4%) | |
| Emotional problems | 1428 | 3/0–32 |
| CBCL internalizing ≥ 90th percentile | 138 (9.5%) | |
| 12-year follow-up | ||
| Mathematics performance | 964 | |
| Below grade | 166 (17.2%) | |
| Reading performance | 983 | |
| Below grade | 181 (18.4%) | |
| English language performance | 960 | |
| Below grade | 200 (20.8%) | |
| Behavioral problems | 1183 | 1/0–9 |
| SDQ conduct ≥ 90th percentile | 116 (9.8%) | |
| Emotional problems | 1183 | 2/0–9 |
| SDQ emotion ≥ 90th percentile | 89 (7.5%) | |
| Maternal symptoms of depression | 885 | 33/25–94 |
| SCL25 ≥ M 1.75 | 161 (18.2%) | |
| Parental education level | 919 | |
| > 12 years of schooling | 402 (43.7%) | |
| Age 16 | ||
| Compulsory school grades | 1668 | |
| Incomplete | 183 (11%) | |
| Age 19 | ||
| Eligibility to higher education | 1314 | |
| Non-eligibility | 297 (22.6%) | |
| 20-year follow-up | ||
| Behavioral problems | 693 | 9/0–55 |
| ASR externalizing ≥ 90th percentile | 65 (9.4%) | |
| Emotional problems | 695 | 11/0–57 |
| ASR internalizing ≥ 90th percentile | 68 (9.8%) | |
PPD Postpartum depression, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, CBCL Child Behaviour Checklist, SDQ Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SCL25 Symptom Checklist 25 ASR Adult Self Report