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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2021 Feb 26;1875(2):188527. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188527

Figure 2. Application of organoids in different biology or biomedical sciences:

Figure 2.

A. Organoids can be used to understand the metabolomics regulation or nutrient transport mechanism of cells under disease or normal conditions. B. Intestinal/gut organoids could be used to study the effect of gut-microbiome on cell physiology and growth. Different culture techniques are explored to study the gut-microbiome in organoids: (i) Microinjection involves injecting the gut-microbes or gut-microbiome-derived metabolites in the apical surface of the organoids. (ii) Mixing the organoids and gut-microbes with matrigel and culturing them together in the ECM matrix. (iii) Co-culturing the organoids with gut-microbes by putting the microbes in the organoid medium. C. Organoids represent useful tools for the study of infectious diseases through co-culturing the diseases related viruses with the organoids. D. Organoids provide a good platform to understand the role of cell niche or microenvironment in cell growth and differentiation. Techniques such as (i) embedding the organoids together with tumor microenvironment cells in the matrigel or (ii) adding the microenvironmental factors in the culture media or through (iii) Air-liquid interphase were explored to study the cell-niche along with organoid. E. (i) In drug screening and (ii) personalized medicine, patient-derived organoids can help to identify the specific/best drug for a specific disease or each patient.