Table 4.

IADL-BN32 preliminary scale structure: factor loadings of each item within each single- or multi-item scale

Scales	Items	Factor loadings
Scale 1	Have you had difficulty preparing a meal?	0.81
	Have you had difficulty doing maintenance chores in or around the house?	0.79
	Have you had difficulty performing household tasks (e.g. cleaning, doing laundry)?	0.78
	Have you had difficulty with grocery shopping?	0.78
	Have you had difficulty helping others, such as doing small chores or favours for a neighbour, friend or parent?	0.76
	Have you had difficulty performing your daily activities without help of others?	0.76
	Have you had difficulty taking care of family members (including children)?	0.72
	Have you had difficulty participating in traffic (e.g. crossing roads, or driving, cycling, or walking)?	0.68
	Have you had difficulty using household appliances?	0.62
	Have you had difficulty with your daily responsibilities (i.e. completing daily tasks such as cooking, cleaning, or shopping)?	0.57
	Have you had difficulty carrying out your hobbies?	0.48
Scale 2	Have you had difficulty expressing yourself (verbally or non-verbally)?	0.79
	Have you had difficulty switching between different activities that require concentration, such as watching television and participating in a conversation?	0.75
	Have you had difficulty finishing tasks that require concentration?	0.74
	Have you had difficulty recalling new information?	0.71
	Have you had difficulty managing your tasks (e.g. doing tasks in the right order)?	0.66
	Have you had difficulty following a one-on-one conversation?	0.57
	Have you had difficulty having a one-on-one conversation in noisy surroundings?	0.57
	Have you had difficulty finding important personal items (e.g. mobile phone or wallet) around the house?	0.45
Scale 3	Have you had difficulty using a computer/laptop/tablet?	0.73
	Have you had difficulty learning new things (e.g. to use a new appliance)?	0.70
	Have you had difficulty using a mobile telephone?	0.67
	Have you had difficulty writing (e.g. appropriate grammar)?	0.64
	Have you had difficulty reading?	0.55
Scale 4	Have you had difficulty making appointments?	0.72
	Have you had difficulty making decisions?	0.66
	Have you had difficulty doing your personal finances?	0.60
Scale 5	Have you had difficulty participating in social activities?	0.71
	Have you had difficulty participating in a group conversation?	0.67
	Have you had difficulty organizing a social activity (e.g. a dinner)?	0.58
Scale 6	Have you had difficulty managing your own medication?	0.73
Scale 7	Have you had difficulty doing your job (paid or voluntary)?	0.86