Skip to main content
. 2021 Apr 9;10(4):812. doi: 10.3390/foods10040812

Table 5.

Recent examples of multiple emulsions for the delivery of various bioactive compounds. Key: WPC = whey protein concentrate; OSA = octenyl succinate.

Bioactive Compounds Emulsifier (W1/O) Emulsifier (O/W2) Results Refs.
Anthocyanin PGPR Quillaja saponin Anthocyanin transfer between aqueous phases depended on pH, temperature, and initial location [197]
Anthocyanin PGPR Gum arabic Multiple emulsions controlled the release of anthocyanins in the stomach [199]
Anthocyanin PGPR Kafirin nanoparticles The osmotic pressure-driven swelling process was the major challenge for the long-term stability of Pickering multiple emulsions during storage [203]
Anthocyanin PGPR Tween 20/guar gum Multiple emulsions exhibited high (91%) encapsulation efficiency and high kinetic stability [211]
Anthocyanin Span 80/
tween 20		 WPC-gum arabic complexes WPC-gum arabic complexes improved stability at pH 4.5 [193]
Vitamin B12 PGPR Sodium caseinate Non-adsorbed PGPR in the oil phase played a key role in emulsion stability [192]
Vitamin D3 Span 80/
lecithin 		Chitosan-gum arabic complexes Calcium ions in the intestinal fluids decreased free fatty acid release and vitamin D3 bioaccessibility [194]
Folic acid PGPR WPC-pectin complexes Optimum conditions were determined as 1% pectin, 4% WPC, and 15% dispersed phase (pH 6.0), with 99% encapsulation efficiency of folic acid [204]
Gallic acid PGPR/
Span 80		 Tween 80 Multiple emulsions were stable for 28 days and maintained more than 50% of gallic acid antioxidant capacity [59]
Gallic/
quercetin		 PGPR Sodium caseinate Multiple emulsions were developed as potential fat replacers [212]
Fish protein hydrolysate PGPR WPC-inulin complexes Homogenization conditions were optimized to improve stability and encapsulation efficiency [205]
Soy peptides PGPR OSA starch Freeze-dried emulsion powders had higher encapsulation (>70%) than spray-dried ones [198]
Casein peptides PGPR Sodium caseinate The release of peptides can be controlled by adjusting oil phase composition [201]
Resveratrol PGPR Tween 20 Optimized emulsions had high encapsulation efficiency (up to 58%) and good storage stability [83]
Trans-resveratrol PGPR Tween 20 Optimized emulsions had high colloidal stability and large trans-resveratrol carrier capacity [196]
β-sitosterol PGPR Tween 20 Emulsions prepared at 300 bar for 3 cycles had the most desirable stability of β-sitosterol [192]
Oleuropein Span 80 WPC-pectin complexes At optimum conditions, a droplet size of 191 nm, zeta potential of −26.8 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 91% were achieved [195]