Figure 1.

Schematic representation of nociceptor stimulation in response to a harmful stimulus produced by an electric drive. The first stage of transduction occurs when the harmful stimulus created by the electric drive activates nociceptors and is converted to an electrical impulse. The second stage is transmission, where the information is channelled through two primary efferent nociceptive neurons; the C-fibres (or C-polymodal nociceptors) and A-delta fibres [18]. Attenuation of the response occurs in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and is called modulation. Finally, processing and integration of the response occurs so pain is perceived. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA), and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA).