Table 2.
Biosynthesis approaches to synthesize ZnO NPs from different plant sources.
| Morphology/Shape | Plant Source | Zinc Precursor | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quasi-spherical | Agathosma betulina | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [43] |
| Hexagonal | Allium sativum, Allium cepa, and Petroselinum crispum | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [44] |
| Spherical | Aloe barbadensis miller | Zinc nitrate solution | [45] |
| Spherical, oval, and hexagonal | Aloe vera | ZnSO4 | [46] |
| Not Reported | Aloe vera | Zinc nitrate, sodium hydroxide | [47] |
| Hexagonal | Anchusa italic | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [48] |
| Hexagonal | Anisochilus carnosus | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [49] |
| Spherical | Artocarpus gomezianus | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [50] |
| Spherical | Aspalathus linearis | ZnNO3, ZnCl2, and Zn-ammonium hydrate | [51] |
| Spherical | Azadirachta indica | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [52] |
| Various morphologies | Azadirachta indica | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [53] |
| Rod-shaped | Black tea | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [54] |
| Spherical | Boswellia ovalifoliolata | Zinc nitrate solution | [55] |
| Spherical and granular | Calotropis procera | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [56] |
| Hexagonal | Caralluma fimbriata | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [57] |
| Nano-flowers | Carica papaya | Zinc nitrate | [58] |
| Hexagonal | Carica papaya | Zinc nitrate solution | [59] |
| Flower-shaped NPs | Carissa edulis | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [60] |
| Spherical | Cassia fistula | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [61] |
| Spherical | Citrus aurantifolia | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [62] |
| Pyramid-like | Citrus aurantifolia | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [63] |
| Hexagonal | Coffee | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [64] |
| Polyhedron | Corymbia citriodora | Zinc nitrate solution | [65] |
| NPs | Heritiera fomes and Sonneratia apetala | Zinc chloride | [66] |
| NPs | Jacaranda mimosifolia | Zinc gluconate hydrate | [67] |
| Spherical and hexagonal | L. leschenaultiana | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [68] |
| Spherical | Limonia acidissima L. | Zinc nitrate solution | [69] |
| NR | Mimosa pudica | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [64] |
| Needle-like | Nephelium lappaceum | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [70] |
| Spherical | Nephelium lappaceum L. | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [71] |
| Hexagonal | Ocimum basilicum L. var. purpurascens | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [72] |
| Spherical | Parthenium hysterophorous | Zinc nitrate solution | [73] |
| Spherical and hexagonal | Parthenium hysterophorus L. | Zinc nitrate solution | [74] |
| Spherical | Phyllanthus niruri | Zinc nitrate solution | [75] |
| Triangular | Physalis alkekengi L. | Zinc contaminated soil | [76] |
| Spherical and hexagonal | Plectranthus amboinicus | Zinc nitrate solution | [77] |
| Rod-shaped | Plectranthus amboinicus | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [78] |
| Spherical | Polygala tenuifolia | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [79] |
| Spherical | Pongamia pinnata | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [80] |
| Spherical | Rosa canina | Zinc nitrate solution | [81] |
| Columnar | Sedum alfredii | ZnSO4 | [82] |
| Hexagonal | Solanum nigrum | Zinc nitrate solution | [83] |
| Spherical | Terminalia chebula | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [84] |
| Spherical | Tribulus terrestris | Zinc oxide powder | [85] |
| Not Reported | Trifolium pratense | ZnO powder | [86] |
| Spherical | Vitex negundo | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [87] |
| Spherical | Vitex trifolia L. | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [88] |