Table 1.

Functional effects of iron, zinc, vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and populations subgroups at risk for inadequate intake.

	Functions	High Risk Population Subgroups
Iron	Hemoglobin synthesis; Oxygen transport; Cellular energy production	Very low birth weight infants Preterms < 34 GA Intrauterine growth restriction Preterms fed non-fortified breastmilk during hospital stay
Zinc	Tissue integrity; Immunomodulation; Bone development; Growth hormone regulation; Appetite regulation
Vitamin D	Bone mineralization; Anti-tumor actions; Inflammatory functions Cardiovascular functions
LCPUFAs	Retinal development; Neurodevelopment
Calcium and Phosphorus	Bone mineralization; Neuromuscular function

GA: Gestational Age.