Table 1.
Characteristics of the total population and of subgroup according cardiovascular risk and comparisons variables between subgroups (general information, laboratory tests, echocardiography).
| Variable | Total Population n = 931 |
Cardiovascular Risk Class | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low n = 429 (46.1%) | Moderate n = 212 (22.8%) | High n = 126 (13.5%) | Very High n = 164 (17.6%) | ||
| Age, years | 49.1 ± 15.5 | 35.7 ± 8.4 abc | 54.9 ± 7.7 ade | 61.1 ± 10.1 bdf | 67.7 ± 7.5 cef |
| Male sex, n | 402 (43.2) | 155 (36.1) c | 90 (42.5) e | 56 (44.4) f | 101 (61.6) cef |
| BPs, mmHg | 124.4 ± 17.7 | 116.2 ± 14.2 abc | 125.9 ± 15.0 ae | 130.6 ± 16.5 bf | 139.1 ± 18.0 cef |
| BPd, mmHg | 81.7 ± 10.1 | 78.7 ± 9.1 abc | 84.0 ± 9.6 a | 84.0 ± 11.1 b | 85.0 ± 10.1 c |
| BP ≥ 140 and/or ≥90 mmHg | 253 (27.2) | 57 (13.3) abc | 63 (29.7) ae | 49 (38.9) b | 84 (51.2) ce |
| HR, bpm | 72.3 ± 10.9 | 73.9 ± 10.4 abc | 71.0 ± 10.8 a | 70.9 ± 10.7 b | 70.8 ± 12.0 c |
| Laboratory tests | |||||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 89.4 ± 190.3 | 52.9 ± 47.4 abc | 74.6 ± 72.6 ae | 98.8 ± 96.6 bf | 192.0 ± 408.8 cef |
| hs-TnT, pg/mL | 7.4 ± 5.1 | 5.4 ± 1.9 abc | 7.2 ± 4.2 ade | 8.5 ± 6.1 bdf | 10.5 ± 7.2 cef |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 102.1 ± 21.0 | 94.4 ± 9.4 abc | 104.1 ± 21.4 ae | 107.9 ± 23.9 bf | 115.1 ± 29.9 cef |
| OGTT 120 min glucose, mg/dL | 124.3 ± 39.7 | 110.0 ± 27.8 abc | 129.1 ± 35.9 ae | 137.2 ± 46.7 bf | 154.7 ± 49.9 cef |
| Fasting insulin, µUI/mL | 12.3 ± 7.6 | 10.9 ± 6.8 abc | 13.5 ± 8.0 a | 12.6 ± 6.2 b | 14.1 ± 9.3 c |
| OGTT 120 min Insulin, µUI/mL | 64.8 ± 64.3 | 52.4 ± 50.2 abc | 72.2 ± 58.6 a | 71.5 ± 61.5 b | 89.9 ± 100.2 c |
| HbA1 c, % | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 0.42 abc | 5.7 ± 0.6 ae | 5.8 ± 0.7 bf | 6.1 ± 0.9 cef |
| HOMA –IR | 3.2 ± 2.8 | 2.6 ± 1.9 abc | 3.7 ± 4.0 a | 3.4 ± 2.2 b | 4.1 ± 3.2 c |
| Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.0 abc | 2.8 ± 1.1 a | 2.7 ± 1.0 b | 2.9 ± 1.3 c |
| OGTT 120 min C-peptide, ng/mL | 8.8 ± 3.8 | 7.7 ± 3.1 abc | 9.9 ± 3.7 a | 9.5 ± 3.9 b | 10.6 ± 4.7 c |
| TC, mg/dL | 192.5 ± 40.8 | 181.0 ± 32.8 abc | 199.3 ± 31.1 ad | 214.9 ± 48.7 bdf | 196.7 ± 53.0cf |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 124.4 ± 37.8 | 113.9 ± 30.0 abc | 130.8 ± 28.6 a | 143.5 ± 47.6 bf | 129.1 ± 48.5 cf |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 62.6 ± 17.3 | 64.1 ± 16.1 c | 62.5 ± 19.6 | 61.8 ± 16.1 | 59.2 ± 18.0 c |
| TG, mg/dL | 113.2 ± 77.6 | 96.6 ± 82.4 abc | 122.9 ± 70.1 a | 137.0 ± 75.2 b | 125.7 ± 66.1 c |
| hsCRP, mg/l | 1.7 ± 4.2 | 1.3 ± 3.2 abc | 2.0 ± 5.0 a | 1.8 ± 3.7 b | 2.3 ± 5.3 c |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 70.9 ± 14.9 | 69.5 ± 14.6 bc | 69.0 ± 15.0 de | 73.1 ± 14.2 bd | 75.0 ± 15.3 ce |
| CrCl, mL/min | 115.0 ± 40.7 | 126.6 ± 42.8 abc | 116.3 ± 40.2 ade | 102.2 ± 33.3 bd | 92.7 ± 26.8 ce |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| LVEF Biplane, % | 58.5 ± 5.7 | 59.6 ± 5.3 bc | 58.7 ± 5.2 e | 57.8 ± 5.5 b | 55.9 ± 6.9 ce |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 77.4 ± 20.5 | 68.5 ± 16.5 abc | 80.9 ± 18.2 ae | 83.6 ± 19.6 bf | 92.0 ± 22.4 cef |
| LVMI, ≥95 g/m2 women, ≥115 g/m2 men | 84 (9.3) | 9 (2.1)abc | 25 (12.1)a | 17 (14.3)b | 33 (21.3)c |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 22.6 ± 7.0 | 20.6 ± 5.7 abc | 23.5 ± 7.0 a | 24.0 ± 6.7 b | 25.6 ± 8.6 c |
| LAVI, >34 mL/m2 * | 53 (6.2) | 6 (1.5) abc | 15 (7.7) a | 11 (9.6) b | 21 (14.2) c |
| Diastolic dysfunction * | 105 (11.4) | 20 (4.7) abc | 22 (10.5) ae | 19 (15.2) b | 44 (27.7) ce |
The data is shown as n (%), mean ± SD. BP: blood pressure; BPd: diastolic blood pressure; BPs: systolic blood pressure; bpm: beats per min; CrCl: creatinine clearance using Cockcroft-Gault Equation; HbA1 c: hemoglobin A1 c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HR: heart rate; hs-CRP; high- sensitivity C-reactive protein; hs-TnT: high-sensitivity troponin T; kg: kilogram; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; mmHg, millimeters of mercury; LVEF Biplane: left ventricular ejection fraction biplane Simpson’s method; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; m2: square meter; NT-proBNP: n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; SD: standard deviation; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; Comparisons variables between subgroups, the same letters in each row (a: between low and moderate CV risk classes; b: between low and high CV risk classes; c: between low and very-high CV risk classes; d: between moderate and high CV risk classes; e: between moderate and very-high CV risk classes; f: between high and very-high CV risk classes) represent significant differences at p < 0.05. * Diastolic dysfunction of left ventricle was assessed based on the latest recommendations [13]. No significant differences between the moderate and high risk groups are shown in bold.