C(t)	Tracer concentration at time t	V	Volume of tundish
Cp	Heat capacity	Vp	Plug flow volume
Deff	Effective diffusivity	Vm	Mixed flow volume
E(t)	Residence-time distribution	Vd	Dead zone volume
E(θ)	Dimensionless residence-time distribution	xj	Cartesian coordinates
Fr	Froude number	βp	volumetric thermal expansion of liquid steel
Gk	Generation term of turbulent kinetic energy	βm	volumetric thermal expansion of water
Gr	Grashof number	ε	Turbulent energy dissipation rate
H	Bath height	µ	Molecular viscosity
k	Turbulent kinetic energy	µt	turbulent viscosity
L	Length	ρ	Density
Pr	Turbulent Prandtl number	τ	Theoretical residence time
Q	Volumetric flow rate	θ	Dimensionless time
Re	Reynolds number	θmin	breakthrough time
ST	Source term of energy equation	θpeak	Peak dimensionless time
t	Time	σk	turbulent Prandtl numbers for k
u	Velocity	σε	turbulent Prandtl numbers for ε
υ	Kinematic viscosity	YM	Dilatation dissipation term