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. 2021 Apr 12;13(8):1839. doi: 10.3390/cancers13081839

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Simplified illustration of genetic and epigenetic interplay in ovary carcinogenesis. This complex process is reduced on the role of tumor suppressors (panel (A)) and oncogenes (panel (B)) in malignant transformation. Both panels indicate the effect of hypermethylation on transcription of tumor suppressor genes (A) and oncogenes (B) along with the involvement of non-coding RNAs. These may regulate tumor suppressing or oncogenic effects directly or in interaction with methylation. There are mutual regulations between non-coding RNAs and methylation status (full orange arrows) or the effect of non-coding RNAs on methylation status (dotted arrows), most likely via expression of DNA methyltransferases.