Table 6.
Two-way ANOVA (2 groups × 3 repeated measures) of changes in the biochemical marker levels induced by the ultramarathon.
| Variable | Effect | F | Df | P | Effect Size (η2) | Post-Hoc Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FSTL-1 | GR UM GR × UM |
3.26 18.29 1.76 |
1, 33 2, 66 2, 66 |
0.08 0.01 ** 0.18 |
0.09 0.35 0.05 |
I, III < II |
| IL-6 | GR UM GR × UM |
5.03 55.84 8.35 |
1, 33 2, 66 2, 66 |
0.03 * 0.01 ** 0.01 ** |
0.19 0.70 0.20 |
S < C I, III < II S-I, S-III < S-II C-I, C-III < C-II S-II < C-II |
| IL-10 | GR UM GR × UM |
6.25 13.58 7.37 |
1, 33 2, 66 2, 66 |
0.02 * 0.01 ** 0.01 ** |
0.08 0.62 0.11 |
S < C I, III < II C-I, C-III < C-II S-II < C-II |
| IL-15 | GR UM GR × UM |
2.17 3.52 3.61 |
1, 33 2, 66 2, 66 |
0.14 0.03 * 0.03 * |
0.06 0.10 0.10 |
I > III S-I > S-III |
| Leptin | GR UM GR × UM |
3.00 8.65 0.63 |
1, 33 2, 66 2, 66 |
0.09 0.01 ** 0.53 |
0.08 0.21 0.02 |
I > II |
| LIF | GR UM GR × UM |
2.11 1.79 1.36 |
1, 33 2, 66 2, 66 |
0.15 0.17 0.26 |
0.06 0.05 0.04 |
|
| OSM | GR UM GR × UM |
0.11 4.06 0.34 |
1, 33 2, 66 2, 66 |
0.73 0.02* 0.70 |
0.01 0.11 0.01 |
I > II |
| Resistin | GR UM GR × UM |
1.20 36.6 4.20 |
1, 33 2, 66 2, 66 |
0.27 0.01 ** 0.02* |
0.03 0.52 0.11 |
I, III < II S-I, S-III < S-II C-I, C-III < C-II S-II < C-II |
| TIMP-1 | GR UM GR × UM |
0.07 35.98 4.19 |
1, 33 2, 66 2, 66 |
0.78 0.01 ** 0.02 * |
0.01 0.52 0.11 |
I, III > II S-I, S-III > S-II C-I, C-III > C-II |
Note: Markers: FSTL-1, follistatin-like 1; IL, interleukin; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; OSM, oncostatin M; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1. Study design: GR, group; S, runners who received a single high dose of vitamin D; C, runners who received the placebo (control group); UM, ultramarathon; I, 24 h before the run; II, immediately after the run; and III, 24 h after the run. Significant difference detected at * p ≤ 0.05 or ** p ≤ 0.01.