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. 2021 Apr 13;13(4):1269. doi: 10.3390/nu13041269

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic diagram of the main immunomodulatory effects of the major polyphenols in honey. Created with BioRender.com. TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; IL-1β, Interleukin 1-beta; IL-2, Interleukin-2; IL-4, Interleukin-4; IL-6, Interleukin-6; IL-12, Interleukin-12; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; CD80/86, Cluster of differentiation 80/86; CD28, Cluster of differentiation 28; MHCII, Major histocompatibility complex II; MPO, Myeloperoxidase; PD-1, Programmed Cell Death protein 1,; PDL-1, Programmed Death-Ligand 1; TLR4, Toll-Like Receptor 4, MYD88, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88, IκBα; Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-alpha; NF-kB, Nuclear factor kappa B.