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ZnO NPs alleviate chilling stress in rice. Phenotype (A), plant height (B), root length (C), and dry biomass (D) of rice seedlings subjected to 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L of ZnO NPs under chilling stress were measured, respectively. The tests were repeated six times. The data given are the averages of six replicates, with the standard deviation (SD) shown by the error bars. Different letters above or below error bars show the differences at p < 0.05. Scale bar = 5 cm (A).
