Table 3.
Chemical profiles of Pistacia lentiscus L.
| Plant Material | Origin | Main Components of Essential Oils or Plant Extracts | Test Assays | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Essential oils from | ||||
| Leaves | Spain | β-myrcene (19%), α-terpineol + terpinen-4-ol (15%), α-pinene (11%) | GC-MS | [53] |
| Unripe fruit | β-myrcene (54%), α-pinene (22%), | GC-MS | ||
| Ripe fruit | β-myrcene (19%), α-pinene (11%), δ-3-carene | GC-MS | ||
| Leaves | Egypt | δ-3-carene (65%), sesquiterpene alcohols (4%) | GC-MS | [52] |
| Leaves | Greece | Myrcene (20.6%), germacrene D (13.3%), E-caryophyllene (8.3%), α-cadinol (7.3%), t5-cadinene (7.0%) | GC-MS | [62] |
| Leaves | Turkey | Terpinen-4-ol (29.9%), α-terpineol, (11.6%), limonene (10.6%), (Z)-3-Hex-1-enyl benzoate (6.7%), α-pinene (4.2%), β-caryophyllene (3.2%) | GC-MS | [63] |
| Leaves | Morocco | Myrcene (39.2%), limonene (10.3%), β-gurjunene (7.8), germacrene (4.3%), α-pinene (2.9%), muurolene (2.9%) | GC-FID; GC-MS | [54] |
| Leaves | Tunisia | α-pinene (16.8%), 4-terpinenol (11.9%), β-phellandrene (8.9%), sabinene (5.7%9, γ-terpinene (5.5%) and β-pinene (4.3%) | GC–MS | [55] |
| Aerial parts | Algeria (Algiers) | Longifolene (12.8%), γ-cadinene (6.2%), trans-β-terpineol (5%), α-acorneol (4.6%), γ-muurolene (4.2%), β-pinene (3.7%) | GC, GC-MS | [64] |
| Algeria (Tizi-Ouzou) |
Longifolene (16.4%), trans-β-terpineol (15.6%), terpinen-4-ol (7%), γ-muurolene (5.7%), β-pinene (3.3%), α-pinene (2.8%) | GC, GC-MS | ||
| Algeria (Oran) | α-pinene (19%), trans-β-terpineol (13.1%), sabinene (12.6%), β-pinene, (6.5%), (E)-β-ocimene (5.5%), longifolene (5.2%) | GC, GC-MS | ||
| Leaves | Sardinia (Italy) | α-pinene (14.8–22.6%), terpinen-4-ol (14.2–28.3%), β-myrcene (1.0–18.3%), p-cymene (14.8–16.2%), sabinene (2.5–8.1%), limonene (0.9–3.8%) | GC-MS | [19] |
| Leaves | Greece | α-pinene (9.4–24.9%), terpinen-4-ol (6.8–10.6%), p-cymene (0.5–7.5%), limonene (9.0–17.8%), γ-terpinene (3.1–3.6%) | GC-MS | [51] |
| Leaves | Sardinia (Italy) | α-pinene, α-thujene, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, para-cymene, β-phellandrene, trans-ocemene, γ-terpene, terpinolene, 2-nonanone, linalool, isopentyl isovalerate, terpin-4-ol, α-terpiniol and others. | GC-MS | [29] |
| Leaves | Algeria | β-caryophyllene (54–198 μg g−1 dw), δ-cadinene (15–186 μg g−1 dw), cubebol (15–117 μg g−1 dw), β-bisabolene (22.1- 105 μg g−1 dw), α-pinene (1.9–105 μg g−1 dw), γ-muurolene (29.7–67.3 μg g−1 dw) | GC-MS | [65] |
| Leaves | Sardinia (Italy) | Germacrene D (19.9%), β-caryophyllene (6.6%), α-pinene (6.3%), myrcene (3.9%), β-phellandrene (3.7%), α-humulene (2.4%) | GC-MS | [12] |
| Leaves | Eastern Morocco | Taforalt and Saidia areas: limonene, α-pinene, α-terpineol and β-caryophyllene;Laayoune and Jerada areas: myrcene and β-caryophyllene. |
GC-MS | [66] |
| Fresh leaves | Greece | δ-germacrene (24.78%), myrcene (19.5%), α-cadinol (9.53%), γ-cadinene (5.59%), trans-caryophyllene (5.03%), limonene (4.84%) | GC-MS | [67] |
| Dried leaves | δ-cadinene (17.04%), α-amorphene (10.32%), δ-germacrene (9.01%), trans-caryophyllene (6.32%), α-cubebene (5.55%), naphthalene (4.13%) | GC-MS | ||
| Ripe fruits | Tunisia | Phenolic composition of seed oil (concentrations not shown) | GC-MS | [68] |
| Leaves | Tunisia | Germacrene D (11.9%), pinene (9.9%), limonene (8.5%), δ-cadinene (8.5%), β-caryophyllene (8.2%), terpinen 4-ol (5.1%) | GC-FID, GC-MS | [69] |
| Fruits | Tunisia | α-pinene (13.35%), α-phellandrene (10.12%), β-phellandrene (10.45%), sabinene (7.01%), germacrene-D (6.86%), β-caryophyllene (4.58%) | GC-MS | [70] |
| Leaves | Tuscany (Italy) | α-pinene (24.6–9.2%), 1–4 terpineol (14.9–7.1%), β-phellandrene (11.4–4.7%), β-pinene (8.6–1.2%), β-mircene (9.2–0.7%), α-terpineol (8.4–4.9%) | GC-MS | [71] |
| Leaves and twigs | Sardinia (Italy) | Terpinen-4-ol (25.2%), α-phellandrene (11.9%), β-phellandrene (10.2%), γ-terpinene (10.1%), α-pinene (7.6%) | GC-FID, GC-MS | [72] |
| Fruits | Tunisia | 4-{3-[(2hydroxybenzoyl) amino] anilino}4-oxobut-2-enoic acid (28.96%), β-myrcene (11.47%), 3-pentadecylphenol (8.51%), p-tolyl ester (8.36%), amino formic acid (7.51%) | GC–MS | [73] |
| Male flowers | Tunisia | β-caryophyllene (12.8%), germacrene-D (9.6%), elemol (8.9%), α-terpineol (7.8%), γ-cadinene (7.1%), bornyl acetate (6.2%) | GC-MS | [74] |
| Female flowers | α-limonene (28.7%), germacrene-D (23.7%), elemol (6.7%), β-caryophyllene (6.6%), α-pinene (6.0%), bornyl acetate (3.7%) | GC-MS | ||
| Leaves of male plants at flowering | α-limonene (18.8%), germacrene-D (13.1%), β-caryophyllene (8.8%), δ-cadinene (8.7%), γ-cadinene (6.2%), α-pinene (4.8%) | GC-MS | ||
| Leaves of female plants at flowering | Germacrene-D (20.7%), δ-cadinene (15.6%), β-caryophyllene (12.1%), γ-cadinene (6.6%), δ-cadinol (6.1%), α-limonene (5%) | GC-MS | ||
| Ripe fruits | β-myrcene (75.6%), α-pinene (12.6%), α-limonene (3.2%), α-terpineol (1.4%), camphene (0.8%) | GC-MS | ||
| Leaves | Morocco | Myrcene (33.5%), α-pinene (19.2%), limonene (6.6%), α-phellandrene (4.6%), γ-terpineol (3.7%), α-terpineol (3.6%) | GC-MS | B [75] |
| Leaves | Sardinia (Italy) | α-pinene (16.9%), terpinen-4-ol (16.5%), sabinene (7.8%), α-phellandrene (7.4%), γ-terpinene (6.3%), β-pinene (4.3%) | GC-MS | [49] |
| Plant extracts/solvent used | ||||
| Leaves/ethyl acetate and methanol | Italy | 3,5-O-digalloyl quinic acid (26.8 ± 0.15 mg/g DW), 3,4,5-O-trigalloyl quinic acid (10.3 ± 2.45 mg/g DW), 5-O- galloyl quinic acid (9.6 ± 2.45 mg/g DW), myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside (6.8 ± 1.04 mg/g DW), myricetin 3-O-rutinoside (4.5 ± 0.18 mg/g DW), myricetin glucuronide (3.9 ± 0.65 mg/g DW) | HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS, NMR | [60] |
| Berries/methanol | Apulia (Italy) | Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (71%), delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3- O arabinoside (28–31%) | HPLC-DAD-MS | [76] |
| Fruits during maturation/petroleum ether | Tunisia | Oils, fatty acids and sterols | GC-MS | [35] |
| Leaves/methanol | Algeria | 46 compounds (most abundant flavonoids, phenolic acids and their derivatives) | HPLC-ESI-QTOF | [61] |
| Leaves/methanol | Italy | 46 secondary metabolites | LC-ESI-MS/MS | [77] |
| Fruits/methanol-water | Tunisia | Total phenolic acids 436.4–2762.7 mg/kg; total flavones 75.3–1222.9 mg/kg; total flavonols 24.2–377.4 mg/kg; total secoiridoids 12.6–366.8 mg/kg; total phenols 538.0–4260.6 mg/kg | HPLC-DAD/MSD | [78] |
| Leaves/ethanol | Italy | Tannin derivatives (70.5%), myricetin derivatives (22%), quercetin derivatives (7.2%) | HPLC-DAD | [79] |
| Leaves/methanol | Egypt | α-pinene (38.1%), 3,5-O-digalloyl quinic acid (13.5%), D-limonene (11.9%), α-phellandrene (10.1%), β-pinene (9.5%), γ muurolene (8.0%), luteolin-3-O-rutinoside (7.8%), quercetin 3-O-di-hexose O-pentose (7.6%), 3,4,5-O-trigalloyl quinic acid (6.1%), quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (4.6%), epicatechin 3-gallate (4.5%), camphene (3.8%) | UHPLC-ESI-MS, GC-MS | [80] |