Table 4.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Pistacia lentiscus.
| Exp. Setting | Origin Model | Plant Material | Model | Exp. Protocol | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant activity | Sardinia, Italy | Leaves oil | Cells free | DPPH as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) | Great seasonal variability inhibition | [19] |
| Algeria | Leaves extract | Cells free | FRAP | ↑ High | [86] | |
| H2O2 scavenging activity | ↓ Low | |||||
| Algeria | Leaves extract | Cells free | Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) |
↑ High and dose dependent | [94] | |
| DPPH | ↑↑ Very high | |||||
| H2O2 scavenging activity | ↑↑ Very high | |||||
| Linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition | ↑↑↑ Outstanding | |||||
| Zakynthos (Greece) | Leaves extract | Cells free | DPPH | ↑↑ Very high | [51] | |
| Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) | ↑ High | |||||
| Sardinia, Italy | Leaves extract | Cells free | DPPH as Trolox equivalents | ↑↑ High | [95] | |
| ABTS as Trolox equivalents | ↑↑ High | |||||
| Algeria | Leaves extract | Cells free | DPPH (%) | ↑ High | [35] | |
| Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) |
↑ High | |||||
| β-carotene bleaching method (%) | ↑↑ Very high | |||||
| Morocco | Fruits oil, leaves oil | Cells free | DPPH | Fruits oil: ↑↑ high Leaves oil: ↑ high |
[75] | |
| FRAP | Fruits oil: ↑↑ high Leaves oil: ↑ high | |||||
| ABTS | Fruits oil: ↑↑ high Leaves oil: ↑ high | |||||
| Campania (Italy) | Leaves extract | Cell lines | Lipid peroxidation | ↑↑ Very high | [15] | |
| Intracellular ROS | ↑↑Very high | |||||
| Oxidized glutathione | ↑↑ Very high | |||||
| Sardinia, Italy | Leaves oil | Animals | DHA | ↑↑ High protection | [12] | |
| Algeria | Fruits extract, leaves extract | Cells free and cell lines | Intracellular ROS in THP-1 monocytic cells | Fruits extract: dose-dependent protection | [96] | |
| ORAC as μmol Trolox Equivalents | Fruits extract: ↑ High; Leaves extract: ↑↑ Very high |
|||||
| Sardinia, Italy | Leaves oil | Cells free and cell lines, human fibroblasts | H2O2 scavenging activity | ↓ Low | [49] | |
| ECC | ↓ Low | |||||
| Anti-inflammatory activity | Sardinia, Italy | Leaves oil | Animals | COX-2 | ↑↑ High inhibition | [12] |
| Sardinia, Italy | Leaves oil | Animals | TNF-α | ↓↓ High decrease | [29] | |
| IL-6 | ↓↓↓ High decrease | |||||
| Algeria | Fruits extract, leaves extract | Cells free and cell lines | IL-1β inhibition by ATP stimulated THP-1 | Fruit extract: no reduction; Leaves extract: ↑↑ high |
[96] | |
| IL-1β inhibition by H2O2 stimulated THP-1 | Fruit extract: ↓ low; Leaves extract: dose-dependent |
|||||
| Sardinia, Italy | Leaves oil | Cells free and cell lines, Human fibroblasts | COX-1 | Inhibition | [49] | |
| COX-2 | ↑ high inhibition | |||||
| LOX | no inhibition |
DPPH = 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate assay; FRAP = ferric reducing activity power assay; MTT = 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; ABTS = 2,20-azinobis (3-ethyl- benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt; WST-8 = (2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt) assay; IC50 = percentage of cytotoxicity and concentration which inhibit half-cell population compared to the drug-free control; CC50 = concentration which inhibits cell metabolism by 50% compared to the drug-free control; DHA = docosahexaenoic acid; BCB = β-carotene bleaching test; ECC = electro-chemical characterization assay; DCF = 2’,7´dichlorofluorescein diacetate; SRB = sulforhodamine B; ORAC = oxygen radical absorbance capacity; IL-1β = interleukin-1β; IL-6 = interleukin-6; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α; COX-1 = cyclooxygenase 1; COX-2 = cyclooxygenase 2; and LOX = lipoxygenase.