Table 2.
A summary of outstanding recent bioprinting studies for human tissue.
| Bioprinter Types | Material | Polymer Concentration (w/v) | Cell Type | Cytocompatibility | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inkjet-based | alginate/collagen | na/0.1% | hAFSC | na | bone, brain | [46] |
| 1%/0.3% | hAFSC dSMC bEC |
90%, day 7 | vascular, bone | [11] | ||
| PEGDMA/HA | 20%/2% | hMSC | 86%, day 21 | bone | [47] | |
| PEGDMA/ GelMA |
10%/1.5% | hMSC | 80% | bone, cartilage | [67] | |
| Laser-assisted | HA | 60% | MG63 | ~100%, day 2 | bone | [68] |
| alginate/HA | 0.5%/15% | HOP | high, day 15 | bone | [34] | |
| alginate | 1% | MG63 | high, day 4 | bone | [51] | |
| alginate | 2% | hMSC | na | bone, cartilage | [69] | |
| fibrinogen/hyaluronic acid | 1.3%/1% | ECFC | 98%, day 0 | adipose, vascular | [70] | |
| Extrusion-based | alginate | 3% | MG63 | 80%, day 0 | TE (general) | [68] |
| 3.5% | MSCs | 93%, 4 h | bone | [71] | ||
| 3% | MC3T3 | 93%, day 1 | bone, liver | [72] | ||
| 3.5% | MC3T3 | 94%, day 1 | bone | [73] | ||
| 3.5% | MC3T3 | 85%, day 1 | bone, vascular | [74] | ||
| 3% | MG63 | 95%, 4 h | bone, TE | [75] | ||
| 10% | hMSC | 85%, day 7 | bone | [58] | ||
| 10% | MSC | 89%, 5 h | bone | [56] | ||
| alginate/gelatin | 0.8%/4.1% | hMSC | 85%, day 14 | bone | [76,77] | |
| alginate/gelatin/graphene oxide | 0.8%/4.1%/0.1% | hMSC | 92%, day 42 | bone | [78] | |
| alginate/collagen I/GAG | 4%/2%/na | MC3T3 | 88%, day 1 | bone, liver | [79] | |
| alginate/gelatin | 5%/5% | SaOS-2 | 92%, day 1 | bone | [80] | |
| alginate/gelatin/HA | 2%/10%/8% | hMSC | 85%, day 3 | bone | [24] | |
| alginate/gelatin/carboxymethyl chitosan | 1%/10%/0.1% | hMSC | >85%, day 2 | TE (general) | [81] | |
| alginate/GelMA | 4%/4.5% | HUVEC | 80%, day 1 | TE (general) | [82] | |
| alginate/matrigel/CaP | 10%/na/10% | MSC/EPC | na | bone | [83] | |
| alginate/PCL | 3.5%/na | MSC | na | bone | [84] | |
| agarose | 1.5% | hMSC/ MG63 |
excellent, day 21 | TE (general) | [85] | |
| collagen I | 2% | MG63 | >90%, day 14 | bone, cartilage | [86] | |
| GelMA/gellan | 10%/1% | MSC | 90%, day 3 | bone | [87] | |
| GelMA/collagen | 5–20%/0.01–0.1% | MSC | 95%, day 28 | bone | [88] | |
| gelatin/fibrinogen/hyaluronic acid | 3.5%/2%/0.3% | hAFSC | 91%, day 1 | bone, ear, muscle | [15] | |
| matrigel/CaP | na/15% | MSC | 81%, day 1 | bone | [89] | |
| matrigel | na | MSC | 86%, day 7 | bone | [57] | |
| alginate | 2% | MSC | >86%, day 14 | |||
| F127 | 25% | MSC | 4%, day 3 | |||
| agarose | 1% | MSC | 70%, day 7 | |||
| MeHA | 2.5% | fibroblast | 96%, day 0 | TE (general) | [90] | |
| GelMA | 5% | fibroblast | 95%, day 7 | |||
| PEGDA | 5% | fibroblast | >87%, day 7 | |||
| NorHA | 2% | fibroblast | >87%, day 7 | |||
| silk fibroin | 3% | MC3T3 | 70%, day 2 | TE (general) | [91] | |
| silk fibroin/gelatin | 8%/15% | hTMSC | 96%, day 1 | bone, cartilage | [92] |
HA: hydroxyapatite; PEGDMA: poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate; GelMA: gelatin methacrylamide; GAG: gly-cosaminoglycan; MeHA: methacrylated hyaluronic acid; NorHA: norbornene-functionalized hyaluronic acid. hAFS: human amniotic fluid-derived stem cell; dSMC: canine smooth muscle cell; bEC: bovine aortic endothelial cell; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; HOP: human osteoprogenitors; MG63: human osteosarcoma cell; SaOS-2: human osteogenic sarcoma cell; MC3T3: preosteoblast cell; ECFC: endothelial colony-forming cell; HUVEC: human umbilical vein endo-thelial cell. na: not available; TE: tissue engineering.