Table 3.

A summary of growth factors in tissue regeneration. Adapted with permission from Reference [37].

Growth Factor	Tissues Treated	Representative Function
TGF-β3	Bone, cartilage	Proliferation and differentiation of bone-forming cells The antiproliferative factor for epithelial cells Enhances hyaline cartilage formation in vivo
IGF-1	Muscle, bone, cartilage	Cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, inhibition of cell apoptosis
BMP(-2, -7)	Bone, cartilage	Differentiation and migration of osteoblasts Enhanced bone healing and increased bone mechanical strength in the majority of patients
VEGF	Bone, blood vessel	Enhanced vasculogenesis and angiogenesis
FGF (-1, -2, -18)	Blood vessel, bone, muscle	Migration, proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, inhibition of differentiation of embryonic stem cells, increased osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
HGF	Bone, muscle	Proliferation, migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
PDGF-AB (or -BB)	Blood vessel, muscle, bone, cartilage	Proliferation, migration, growth of endothelial cells Osteoblast replication and collagen I synthesis in vitro
PTH, PTHrP	Bone	Accelerated bone healing through upregulation of bone markers and resultant bone tissue Bone formation was activated in postmenopausal females but inhibited in healthy adults