Figure 1.

Urine color scoring box and pictures of the Uc charts used during this study. (A): The box (Sortera 37.9 L (10 gal), IKEA, Almhult, Sweden) was converted to score urine samples by adding three holes in the front; (B): The box was painted black and a white wall was positioned at the end of the box, with three square holes of 2.2 × 2.2 cm (1 × 1 inch) in it; (C): For the purpose of this study, only the middle hole was used to score one urine sample at a time while the other holes were covered; (D): The urine sample, covered with transparent foil, was positioned behind the middle square hole in front of a white backdrop while the left and right squared holes were covered; (E): Athletes were seated while scoring the urine sample, with the sample lighted from the left site using a 28-watt color adjustable lamp providing an intensity of ~1650 lux at full power and light color set to white (NL480, Neewer, Shenzen, China) while color charts are on the right of the scoring box; (F): A picture of the 8-color Uc chart remake with colors adapted from Armstrong et al. (1994); (G): A picture of the 7-color Uc chart developed by Wardenaar and Bacalzo in 2019.