Table 1.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-mediated inflammation.

Study Type	Study Subject	UV Dose	Inflammatory Cytokine	Aging Phenotype	Reference
In-vivo	DBA/2 mice	180 mJ/cm2	TNF-α	Increase epidermal thickness, neutrophil infiltration	[47]
In-vivo	HR-1 hairless mice	100 mJ/cm2	TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, IL-1β	Skin wrinkle formation, increase epidermal thickness, collagen degradation, mast cell infiltration	[51]
In-vivo	HR-1 hairless mice	100 mJ/cm2	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β	Skin wrinkle formation, increase epidermal thickness, collagen degradation, trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) of dorsal skin	[52]
In-vivo	Chinese Kun Ming mice	100–400 mJ/cm2	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, PGE2, MMP-1, MMP-3	Coarse wrinkles, erythema, edema, thickening, leathery appearance, epidermal hyperplasia, reduced collagen fibers	[53]
In-vivo	SKH-1 hairless mice	100 mJ/cm2	TNF-α, MMP-13, IL-1 β, IL-6	Increase epidermal thickness, collagen degradation	[54]
In-vivo	hairless mice (HRS/J)	0.384 mW/ cm2	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β	Increase epidermal thickness, collagen degradation, mast cell infiltration	[55]
In-vivo	hairless mice	312 nm and 790 µW/cm2 intensity	IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α	Skin wrinkle formation, increase epidermal thickness, collagen degradation, collagen and elastic fibers’ (elastin) degradation	[39]
In-vivo	ICR mice	UVA: 20.81 J/cm2, UVB: 0.47 J/cm2	MMP-1, MMP-3, TNF-α	Thicker scarf-skin, and a disruption of the skin tissue in dermis	[56]
In-vitro	HaCaT and HDFs	200 mJ/cm2	TNF-α, IL-1β	Increase senescence-associated β -galactosidase activity, increase ROS production	[57]
In-vivo	Wister rat	280–400 nm	IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α	Increase epidermal thickness, disrupted stratum corneum, abnormal hair follicles and loss of histological architecture, uneven sebaceous glands dermis, reduced skin collagen and elastic fibers	[58]
In-vivo and In-vitro	HaCaT	20 mJ/cm2	COX-2, MMP-1, FGF, TNF-α, IL-6, and decreased TGF-β1	Increase ROS production, DNA oxidative damage, reduce procollagen type I	[59]
	Kunming mice	150–300 mJ/cm2	Not investigated	Increase epidermal and dermis thickness, infiltrationof inflammatory cells, decrease collagen fibers
In-vivo	hairless BALB/c	55 mJ/cm2	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6	Increase epidermal and dermis thickness, skin erythema, dry, thickening, sagging, coarse wrinkles, and reduced skin collagen type I	[60]
In-vitro and ex-vivo	NHDFs	144 mJ/cm2	TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2	Increase ROS production	[61]
	Reconstructed human skin (Keraskin™ FT)	100 mJ/cm2	Not investigated	Wrinkle formation, disruption and decomposition of collagen fibers in skin tissues exposed to UVB
In-vivo and In-vitro	HaCaT	75 mJ/cm2	TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-1	Not investigated	[62]
	hairless mice	100 mJ/cm2	MMP-9, MMP-13	Increase epidermal and dermis thickness
In-vivo	Human	25–50 J/ cm2	IL-6	Not investigated	[63]
In-vivo	hairless mice	45–210 mJ/cm2	MMP-2, 9, 12 and 13, TNF-α, IL-1β	Increase epidermal thickness, decrease Type I collagen, deep wrinkle formation	[64]
In-vivo	Human	70 and 90 mJ/cm2	TNF-α, MMP-1	Decrease Type I procollagen	[65]
In-vivo	Kunming mice	1 to 4 MED, 1 MED = 70 mJ/cm2	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF- α, MMP-1, MMP-3	Reduce skin elasticity, coarse wrinkle formation, erythema, increase epidermal thickness, decrease collagen content	[66]
In-vivo and In-vitro	HaCaT cell	10 mJ/cm2	IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-2/9	Increase ROS production	[67]
	BALB/c mice	180 mJ/cm2	Not Investigated	Increase epidermal thickness, infiltration of leucocyte
In-vivo	SKH-1 hairless mice	30 to 120 mJ/cm2	MMP-1, 2, 9, COX2, IL-1β, IL-6	Increase epidermal and dermal thickness, thick and deep wrinkle formation, decrease collagen content	[68]
In-vivo and In-vitro	HaCaT cell	50 J/m2	COX-2 IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP1, MMP2, MMP9	Increase cellular senescence	[69]
	BALB/c athymic nude mice	60 to 120 mJ/cm2	COX-2, IL-1β	Increase epidermal thickness, wrinkle formation
In-vivo	Kunming mice	1 to 4 MED, 1 MED = 70 mJ/cm2	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α	Deep wrinkles, erythema, edema, and skin burn, increase epidermal thickness, degrade dermal collagen fibers, suppress antioxidant enzymes	[70]
In-vivo	Kunming mice	75 to 300 mJ/cm2	MMP-1, MMP-3, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1	Edema, erythema, thickening and coarse wrinkles, epidermal hyperplasia, disorganized collagen fibers	[71]
In-vitro	HaCaT cell	15 mJ/cm2	COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β	Increase ROS production, suppress antioxidant enzymes	[72]
In-vivo and In-vitro	HaCaT cell	12.5 mJ/cm2	TNF-α, IL-1 α, MMP-1, COX-2	Not investigated	[73]
	SKH-1 hairless mice	36–122 mJ/cm2	MMP-1	Increase epidermal and dermal thickness, decrease Type I collagen
In-vivo	KM mice	1–4 MED, 1 MED = 100 mJ/cm2	IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-1, MMP-3	Severe wrinkles, increase epidermal thickness, decease antioxidant enzymes	[74]
In-vivo and In-vitro	NHDFs	90 mJ/cm2	MMP-1, IL-1 α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α	Increase ROS production	[75]
	BALB/c mice	90 mJ/cm2	IL-8	Wrinkle formation, epidermal hyperplasia
In-vivo	SKH-1 hairless mice	100–200 mJ/cm2	MMP-1, MMP-9, decreased TGF-β1	Increase epidermal thickness, reduce procollagen type I	[76]
In-vivo	SKH-1 hairless mice	280–320 nm	Reduced klotho	Hyper-thickened epidermis	[18]

HaCaT, Human epidermal keratinocytes; HDFs, Human dermal fibroblasts; NHDFs, Normal human dermal fibroblasts, HSF2; Human skin fibroblasts; MED, minimal erythemal dose; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-a; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL, Interleukin; PGE2, Prostaglandin E₂; MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase; FGF, Fibroblast growth factors; TGF-β1, Transforming growth factor beta 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species.