Skip to main content
. 2021 Apr 13;22(8):4020. doi: 10.3390/ijms22084020

Table 2.

Management of DR patients depending on the pathology grade.

No DR NPDR PDR DME
Mild Moderate Severe Non-Centre Involving Centre
PDR progression risk within 1 year/3 years 5%/14% 12–27%/30.48% 52%/71%
Referral to ophthalmologist Not required Not required Required Required Required Recommended if laser sources available * Required
Treatment Observation Observation/PRP PRP Anti-VEGF/PRP/VPP Laser: Focal/Grid Anti-VEGF
Antioxidants role Potentially indicated Worthwhile? Potentially indicated
Follow-up 1–2 years 6–12 months/1–2 years * 3–6 months/6–12 months * <3 months <1 month
If stabilised: 6 to 12 months
3 months 1 month

DR = diabetic retinopathy; NPDR = nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; NV = neovascularisation; PDR = proliferative diabetic retinopathy; DME = diabetic macular oedema; PRP = panretinal photocoagulation; FA = fluorescein angiography; PPV = pars plana vitrectomy, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor. * Specific recommendations for low or intermediate resource settings [3].