Table 3.
Electromyography amplitude changes over time during the extended walking test.
| Paretic Side (n = 12) | Nonparetic Side (n = 12) | Healthy (n = 11) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 min | 6 min | 12 min | 18 min | 1 min | 6 min | 12 min | 18 min | 1 min | 6 min | 12 min | 18 min | ||
| TA | LR | 26.2 | 25.6 | 22.9 | 28.6 | 37.9 | 38.3 | 41.1 | 43.3 | 38.4 | 37.5 | 33.6 | 35.3 |
| (12.8) | (10.8) | (10.7) | (15.1) | (16.1) | (17.9) | (14.3) | (15.8) | (10.0) | (9.3) | (6.8) | (9.5) | ||
| SS | 16.3 b | 11.3 | 11.5 | 12.8 | 21.7 c | 21.6 | 21.7 | 17.5 | 5.4 b c | 5.3 | 5.1 | 6.5 | |
| (14.0) | (9.4) | (8.0) | (8.1) | (10.2) | (14.7) | (12.4) | (8.9) | (2.3) | (2.3) | (1.8) | (2.9) | ||
| PSw | 36.1 a b | 26.7 † | 28.7 | 27.3 † | 20.0 a | 14.5 † | 17.3 | 13.6 † | 11.0 b | 9.4 | 10.2 | 11.3 | |
| (16.7) | (15.2) | (17.1) | (13.4) | (10.6) | (8.3) | (8.2) | (7.4) | (7.0) | (4.7) | (5.4) | (5.5) | ||
| Sw | 27.7 | 23.2 | 25.3 | 26.6 | 26.5 | 22.9 | 23.9 | 24.8 | 22.4 | 21.0 | 22.2 | 24.0 | |
| (13.0) | (9.5) | (10.6) | (11.3) | (11.6) | (11.2) | (9.1) | (10.1) | (8.2) | (7.8) | (8.8) | (9.7) | ||
| Sol | LR | 30.9 a b | 28.5 | 30.5 | 32.1 | 17.9 a | 17.4 | 15.5 | 16.3 | 8.8 b | 10.1 | 9.1 | 10.4 |
| (12.1) | (8.5) | (8.3) | (10.2) | (10.5) | (12.0) | (10.3) | (10.6) | (5.6) | (9.2) | (5.5) | (7.7) | ||
| SS | 24.6 b | 21.7 | 23.1 | 25.1 | 29.1 | 25.9 | 26.1 | 29.8 | 37.5 b | 35.7 | 37.8 | 38.3 | |
| (13.1) | (9.3) | (9.6) | (11.1) | (10.3) | (8.6) | (10.2) | (10.8) | (12.3) | (11.5) | (11.2) | (11.6) | ||
| PSw | 14.2 | 14.0 | 15.7 | 15.8 | 23.1 c | 24.5 | 20.8 | 24.5 | 9.5 c | 8.9 | 9.5 | 9.3 | |
| (9.1) | (8.8) | (9.7) | 10.8) | (16.0) | (16.0) | (15.6) | (15.3) | (5.7) | (5.2) | (7.2) | (5.0) | ||
| Sw | 12.6 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 13.1 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 10.6 | 9.5 | |
| (8.1) | (6.0) | (7.0) | (9.5) | (8.1) | (9.6) | (7.5) | (7.0) | (4.5) | (4.3) | (7.1) | (5.4) | ||
| RF | LR | 32.8 | 34.5 | 32.5 | 34.9 | 34.3 | 31.8 | 36.8 | 35.5 | 39.1 | 40.1 | 42.4 | 47.0 |
| (15.9) | (12.6) | (14.9) | (17.0) | (12.2) | (13.1) | (14.9) | (14.9) | (16.7) | (16.5) | (16.9) | (20.4) | ||
| SS | 18.8 | 20.2 | 21.5 | 22.6 † | 20.1 | 22.7 | 22.7 | 23.7 † | 13.7 | 15.5 | 14.6 | 14.9 | |
| (13.1) | (10.7) | (12.8) | (12.1) | (11.8) | (13.9) | (13.0) | (14.1) | (4.1) | (8.7) | (4.2) | (4.4) | ||
| PSw | 22.6 | 19.8 | 20.4 | 21.3 | 13.8 | 16.9 | 17.2 | 16.3 | 21.4 | 23.5 | 25.3 | 22.1 | |
| (10.4) | (9.1) | (10.3) | (11.0) | (11.3) | (16.2) | (12.0) | (14.4) | (9.9) | (9.3) | (12.0) | (9.9) | ||
| Sw | 15.6 | 12.9 | 13.5 | 14.3 | 16.5 | 15.4 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 16.9 | 19.3 | 19.4 | 19.8 | |
| (10.1) | (6.8) | (8.3) | (8.1) | (10.3) | (8.3) | (7.3) | (4.4) | (3.5) | (7.1) | (7.2) | (7.1) | ||
| BF | LR | 34.0 | 33.1 | 33.4 | 34.5 | 32.9 | 27.1 | 31.1 | 29.6 | 23.5 | 28.5 | 26.5 | 26.3 |
| (12.6) | (14.7) | (11.9) | (14.3) | (15.1) | (13.0) | (12.1) | (13.9) | (8.8) | (10.2) | (5.7) | (7.6) | ||
| SS | 18.4 | 20.4 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 24.5 c | 20.6 | 20.2 | 22.0 | 12.5 c | 15.0 | 13.5 | 14.0 | |
| (9.4) | (12.9) | (14.3) | (10.9) | (14.0) | (11.8) | (12.2) | (13.9) | (7.0) | (7.5) | (5.0) | (6.3) | ||
| PSw | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 8.3 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 15.0 | 16.4 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.8 | |
| (7.9) | (9.6) | (7.1) | (5.2) | (12.1) | (17.7) | (10.8) | (13.4) | (5.9) | (6.7) | (7.6) | (6.3) | ||
| Sw | 20.7 | 17.1 | 18.6 | 18.4 | 25.6 | 23.2 | 24.7 | 23.9 | 23.7 | 26.5 | 27.2 | 26.2 | |
| (11.9) | (6.7) | (8.1) | (7.1) | (11.0) | (10.5) | (11.1) | (10.8) | (8.7) | (7.6) | (8.3) | (6.6) | ||
Values are presented as mean (standard deviation). Comparison of values at 1 min between the groups: paretic versus nonparetic, a p < 0.05; paretic versus control, b p < 0.05; nonparetic versus control, c p < 0.05 (Bonferroni test). Comparison over time within groups; † for 1 min, p < 0.05; ‡ for 6 min, p < 0.05 (Bonferroni test). LR, loading response; SS, single support; PSw, pre-swing; Sw, swing; TA, tibialis anterior; Sol, soleus; RF, rectus femoris; BF, biceps femoris.