Table 4.
Validity of apps for estimation of movement velocity, movement time and movement displacement.
| Study | App | SEE | Typical Error | Absolute Mean Error | Correlation Coefficient | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balsalobre-Fernández et al. [40] | My Lift app | PVD: 0.056 m·s−1 PFD: 0.029 m·s−1 PBD: 0.048 m·s−1 PVV: 0.124 m·s−1 |
PVD: 0.053 ± 0.044 0.019 PFD: 0.030 ± 0.022 0.008 PBD: 0.044 ± 0.034 0.012 PVV: 0.113 ± 0.086 |
r = 0.729–0.902, p < 0.001 | Authors claim the validity of the app. | |
| Balsalobre-Fernández et al. [53] | PowerLift App | Full Squat: 0.04 m·s−1 Bench Press: 0.05 m·s−1 Hip Thrust: 0.03 m·s−1 |
Full Squat: 0.005 ± 0.04 Bench Press: 0.01 ± 0.05 Hip Thrust: 0.02 ± 0.04 |
Full Squat (r = 0.986, p < 0.005) Bench Press (r = 0.973, p < 0.005) Hip Thrust (r = 0.982, p < 0.005) |
Authors claim the validity of the app. | |
| Balsalobre-Fernández et al. [54] | PowerLift App | 0.03 s.; p < 0.001 | r = 0.964, p < 0.001 | Authors claim the validity of the app. | ||
| Balsalobre-Fernández et al. [55] | CODtimer App | 0.03 s.; p < 0.001 | r = 0.998; p < 0.001 | Authors claim the validity of the Iphone app. | ||
| Balsalobre-Fernández et al. [41] | My Jump App | 1.1 ± 0.5 cm; 1.3 ± 0.5 cm |
r = 0.995, p < 0.001 | Authors claim the accuracy of the app. | ||
| Barrajón & Juan [56] | Smartphone with Mobile Basic Program Acelerometer | 0.13 m/s = 0.83 | r = 0.54, p < 0.001 | Authors claim the validity for mean propulsive velocities but not in lower velocity ranges. | ||
| Brooks et al. [57] | My Jump 2 App | T.E = 0.18 | Platforce platform = 0.96 Yardstick = 0.23 cm |
Platform force: r = 0.98 Yardstick: r = 0.94 |
Authors claim acceptable validity compared with both the force platform and yardstick. | |
| Cerezuela-Espejo et al. [58] | Styrd App | SEE < 7.3% | r = 0.911 | Authors claim the validity of the app. | ||
| Courel-Ibáñez et al. [59] | PowerLift App | +=0.08 m.s−1 | >27.7% 1RM | Authors did not recommend the app given their substantial errors and uncertainty of the measurements | ||
| de Sá et al. [60] | iLoad App | ≤0.003 m s−1 | Total Work: r = 0.997, p < 0.005 Mean Velocity: r = 0.987, p < 0.005. |
Authors claim the validity of the app. | ||
| Gallardo-Fuentes et al. [61] | My Jump App | SJ: 0.1 ± 1.1 cm CMJ: 0.1 ± 1.0 cm DJ: −0.1 ± 0.7 cm |
SJ (r = 2 0.96–0.99, p < 0.001) CMJ (r = 0.97–0.99, p < 0.001) DJ (r = 0.97–0.99, p < 0.001) |
Authors claim the validity of the app. | ||
| Haynes et al. [37] | My Jump 2 App | RSI 20 cm: r = 0.938, p < 0.001. RSI 40 cm: r = 0.969, p < 0.001. Jump Height 20 cm: r = 0.812, p < 0.001. Jump Height 40 cm: r = 0.959, p < 0.001. Contact Time 20 cm: r = 0.963, p < 0.001. Contact Time 40 cm: r = 0.981, p < 0.001. Mean Power 20 cm: r = 0.655, p < 0.001. Mean Power 40 cm: r = 0.571, p < 0.001. |
Authors claim the validity of the app. | |||
| Martínez-Cava et al. [39] | My Lift App | Bench Press: 0.10 + −0.97 Full Squat: -0.14 ± 0.10 m·s−1 |
My Lift app showed the worst result with errors well above the acceptable levels. | |||
| Pérez-Castilla et al. [62] | PowerLift App | ≤4.46 kg | 5.77 ± 3.58 | r ≥ 0.94, p < 0.05 | Authors claim the acceptable and comparValid accuracy of the app. | |
| Pérez-Castilla et al. [63] | PowerLift App | −0.04 ± 0.02 m.s−1 | r = 0.994, p < 0.05 | Authors claim that smartphone application could be used to obtain accurate velocity measurements for restricted linear movements. | ||
| Pérez-Castilla et al. [64] | iLoad App | Back Squat: ≤0.04 m.s−1 Bench Press: 0.06 m.s−1 |
Back Squat: r = 0.98, p < 0.001 Bench Press: r = 0.98, p < 0.001 |
Authors claim that the app can be confidently used to quantify mean velocity. | ||
| Romero-Franco et al. [65] | MySprint App |
0.007–0.015 s | r = 0.989-0.999, p < 0.001 | Authors claim the validity of the app. | ||
| Stanton et al. [66] | MyJump app | 1.0 cm | r > 0.99, p < 0.001 | Authors claim the validity of the app. | ||
| Stanton et al. [67] | Speedclock App | 0.13 s | r = 0.93, p < 0.05 | Authors claim the valid tool for the assessment of mean 10m sprint velocity. | ||
| Thompson et al. [68] | MyLift App |
Mean Velocity: 0.05 m·s−1 | r ≥ 0.88, p < 0.05 | Authors claim that smartphone applications could be used to obtain velocity-based data, but inertial measurements units demonstrate poorer validity. |
||
| Viecelli et al. [69] | Smartphone Accelerometer | 0.16% | r > 0.93, p < 0.05 | Authors claim that data from smartphone accelerometer- derived resistance exercise can be used to validly extract | ||
| Yang et al. [70] | ErgoArmMeter | <9.5º/s | r = 0.999 | Authors claim that application is a valid method to measure upper arm elevation under static and dynamic conditions. | ||
| Yingling et al. [71] | MyJump App | Peak Power: r = 0.926 Vertical jump height: r = 0.813 |
Authors recommend the use of the APP during repeated measures within-subject testing of individuals or groups. |
PVD: peak velocity displacement; PFD: peak forward displacement; PBD: peak backward displacement; PVV: peak vertical velocity, CMJ: countermovement jump; SJ: squat jump; DJ: drop jump; SEE: standard error of the estimate; s: seconds; cm: centimeters; r = correlation coefficient; m·s−1: meter per second; RM: repetition maximum.