Table 1.
Weight of veterinary antimicrobials imported into Timor-Leste between 2016 and 2019, by year and overall for individual antimicrobial and antimicrobial class.
| Antimicrobial Class | Antimicrobial (WHO Classification 1) | Kilogram of Active Ingredient (%) | rs (p Value) 2 |
Kilogram for all Years (%) | Kilogram for all Years for Each Class (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
| Aminoglycosides | Neomycin (CIA) |
0 | 2.5×10−4 (<0.01) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.95 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.01) | 25.85 (11.25) |
| Dihydrostreptomycin (CIA) | 4.64 (4.83) | 6.20 (18.56) | 5.80 (18.5) | 9.18 (13.32) | 0.80 (0.20) | 25.82 (11.24) | ||
| Cephalosporins (3rd/4th gen) | Cefotaxime (CIA) | 0 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0 | 0 | −0.26 (0.74) | 0.01 (<0.00) | 0.01 (<0.00) |
| Fluroquinolones | Norfloxacin (CIA) | 0.20 (0.21) | 0.20 (0.60) | 0 | 0 | −0.89 (0.11) | 0.40 (0.17) | 6.01 (2.62) |
| Enrofloxacin (CIA) | 3.61 (3.76) | 0 | 0 | 2.00 (2.90) | −0.32 (0.68) | 5.61 (2.44) | ||
| Macrolides | Tylosin (CIA) | 25.10 (26.12) | 0.10 (0.30) | 0 | 0 | −0.95 (0.05) | 25.20 (10.97) | 36.45 (15.86) |
| Tilmicosin (CIA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.25 (16.33) | 0.77 (0.23) | 11.25 (4.9) | ||
| Penicillins | Ampicillin (CIA) | 0 | 0 | 3.27 (10.41) | 0.63 (0.91) | 0.74 (0.26) | 3.89 (1.69) | 54.39 (23.67) |
| Benzylpenicillin (HIA) | 2.78 (2.90) | 3.72 (11.13) | 3.48 (11.10) | 5.70 (8.28) | 0.80 (0.20) | 15.69 (6.83) | ||
| Amoxicillin (CIA) | 20.31 (21.13) | 0 | 0 | 14.51 (21.05) | −0.32 (0.68) | 34.82 (15.15) | ||
| Polypeptides | Bacitracin (IA) | 0 | 0 | 0.02 (0.06) | 0 | 0.26 (0.74) | 0.02 (0.01) | 10.93 (4.76) |
| Colistin (CIA) | 10.04 (10.45) | 0 | 0.31 (0.98) | 0.57 (0.82) | −0.20 (0.80) | 10.91 (4.75) | ||
| Polymyxin B (CIA) | 0 | 9.5 × 10−5 (<0.01) | 0 | 0 | −0.26 (0.74) | 9.5 × 10−5 (<0.01) | ||
| Sulfonamides | Sulfamonomethoxine (HIA) | 0.40 (0.42) | 0.20 (0.60) | 0 | 0 | −0.95 (0.05) | 0.60 (0.26) | 14.46 (6.29) |
| Sulfaquinoxaline (HIA) | 0.33 (0.34) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −0.77 (0.23) | 0.33 (0.14) | ||
| Sulfadoxine (HIA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.77 (0.23) | 0.04 (0.02) | ||
| Sulfamerazine (HIA) | 0 | 0.08 (0.23) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.78 (1.14) | 0.80 (0.20) | 0.88 (0.38) | ||
| Sulfadiazine (HIA) | 2.09 (2.17) | 1.48 (4.42) | 1.59 (5.06) | 1.57 (2.27) | −0.40 (0.60) | 6.72 (2.92) | ||
| Sulfadimidine (HIA) | 1.67 (1.74) | 0.58 (1.73) | 0.80 (2.56) | 2.35 (3.41) | 0.40 (0.60) | 5.40 (2.35) | ||
| Trimethoprim (HIA) | 0.20 (0.21) | 0.28 (0.84) | 0 | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.06 (0.40) | 0.49 (0.21) | ||
| Tetracyclines | Oxytetracycline (HIA) | 24.73 (25.73) | 20.56 (61.55) | 16.07 (51.23) | 20.32 (29.48) | −0.80 (0.20) | 81.67 (35.54) | 81.67 (35.54) |
| Overall | 96.1 (100) | 33.41 (100) | 31.36 (100) | 68.91 (100) | −0.40 (0.60) | 229.77 (100) | 229.77 (100) | |
1 CIA refers to critically important antimicrobials; HIA refers to highly important antimicrobials; IA refers to important antimicrobials.2 Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (rs) and p-value assessing the strength and direction of possible monotonic trends in the quantities of antimicrobials imported over time.