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. 2021 Apr 9;10(8):1601. doi: 10.3390/jcm10081601

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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After an acute physiologic insult, acute heart and kidney disease lead to chronic heart and kidney disease and chronic critical illness. Cardio-renal syndrome type 1: acute heart failure precedes acute kidney injury; type 2: chronic heart failure precedes chronic kidney disease; type 3: acute kidney injury precedes acute heart failure; type 4: chronic kidney disease precedes chronic heart failure; type 5: acute shock, inflammation, or critical illness precede acute heart failure or kidney injury.