Table 1.

Pharmacologic interventions for cardiovascular and renal disease in chronic critical illness.

Medication	Application for Cardiovascular and Renal Disease in Chronic Critical Illness
Angiotensin II receptor blockers	Reduce albuminuria by at least 50%, reduce systolic blood pressure to less than 140/90 mmHg for general populations and less than 130/80 mmHg for patients with chronic kidney disease and albuminuria
Angiotensin receptor-nephrilysin inhibitors	Reduce albuminuria and blood pressure while increasing blood levels of endogenous natriuretic peptides
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors	Reduce albuminuria by at least 50%, reduce systolic blood pressure to less than 140/90 mmHg for general populations and less than 130/80 mmHg for patients with chronic kidney disease and albuminuria
Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers	Decrease heart rate, dysrhythmias, and beta-adrenergic receptor overstimulation among patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction
Calcium and vitamin D supplements	Abrogate hypocalcemia among patients with chronic kidney disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism
Diuretic therapy	Optimize preload and restore normal interstitial water volumes while maintaining intravascular euvolemia
Erythropoietin	Increase hemoglobin levels during critical illness; decrease mortality among critically ill trauma patients
Phosphate binders	Abrogate hyperphospatemia among patients with chronic kidney disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism
Sodium-glucose contransporter-2 inhibitors	Prevent cardiovascular and renal disease and progression among patients with type 2 diabetes