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. 2021 Apr 10;13(4):654. doi: 10.3390/v13040654

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overturning the tumor microenvironment (TME)-mediated immunosuppression using oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy. Administration of OVs can turn “cold” tumors “hot”, release otherwise inaccessible tumor antigens to be processed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via oncolysis and also drive the activation of innate immune cells. Further, OVs alone or in combination with ICB therapy can repolarize immunosuppressive immune cells, such as TAMs and MDSCs, to antitumor phenotype and support the development of antitumor immunity. Abbreviations: OV: Oncolytic virus; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; IFN: Interferon; ISG: Interferon stimulating genes; IL: Interleukin; PAMPs: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs: Damage-associated molecular patterns; TGFβ: Transforming growth factor beta; CSF: Colony-stimulating factor.