Table 4.

Characteristics of control groups.

Study	Active Control	Passive Control
Barene et al. [43]	Continuous dance movement using Latin music with varying intensity.	Only measurements were made; no intervention
Helge et al. [44]	Resistance training: 5 min low-intensity warm-up, followed by leg press, seated leg extension, hamstring curl, pull-down, and lateral dumbbell raises. Sets were interspaced by 1.5 min rest, and at the end of the session, 5 min of core training was made. Exercise progressed from 3 × 16–20RM (week 0–4), 3 × 12RM (week 5–8), 3 × 10RM (week 9–12) and 4 × 8RM (week13–52).	Inactive; no details
Helge et al. [45]	Running group: 5 min of low-intensity warm-up, followed by 4 × 12 min of continuous running and moderate intensity. After the 6 weeks, all runners were able to run for 55 min continuously.	Inactive; no details
Krustrup et al. [46]	One hour of running two times a week. Running speed was adjusted to fit 81% HRmax during the first 4 weeks and 82% in the last 12 months.	Continued daily live activities
Krustrup et al. [47]	The participants completed 3 to 4 sets within one hour of running, with an average intensity of 82% HRmax.	Continued daily live activities
Mohr et al. [48]	Moderate intensity swim: one hour per session, continuous front crawl swimming High-intensity swim: 15–25 min per session (3–5 min of effective swimming) consisting of 6–10 sets of 30 s bouts of all-out front crawl swimming with 2 min of passive recovery.	No training or lifestyle changes during the same period
Randers et al. [49]	-	Instructed to remain physically inactive
Skoradal et al. [50]	-	No details
Uth et al. [51]	-	Encouraged to maintain their normal level of physical activity

RM: repetition maximum; HRmax: maximum heart rate.