Skip to main content
. 2021 Apr 10;10(8):1613. doi: 10.3390/jcm10081613

Table 1.

No antiscarring agents tested.

Reference Method to Induce Scar Formation Animal and Nerve Model Analyses Results
Lemke et al., 2017 [21] Application of “glutaraldehyde glue” on the nerve and surrounding muscle or scratching Female Sprague–Dawley Rat
Sciatic nerve
  • -

    Functional evaluation (CatWalk, SFI) (once a week)

  • -

    Gross evaluation (Petersen’s classification) (3 weeks)

  • -

    Histology on nerve and surrounding tissue (H&E, Masson’s trichrome and Luxol fast blue, chromotrop-aniline-blue) (3 weeks)

  • -

    IHC (2F11, S100, CD-68, CD-3, CD-8) (3 weeks)

  • -

    Electrophysiological evaluation (3 weeks)

 Severe intra- and perineural scarring, vigorous nerve inflammation and
nerve degeneration and functional deficit.
Crosio et al., 2014 [20] Burning or scratching Male Mouse
Sciatic nerve
  • -

    Biomechanical analysis (3 weeks)

  • -

    Histology on nerve and surrounding tissue (Picrosirius staining) (3 weeks)

 Both methods produced fibrotic reactions with no differences in biomechanical results between the two methods; histology showed a different distribution pattern of the scar tissue.
Okuhara Y et al., 2014 [19] Irradiation of the nerve with X-radiation Female LEW/CrlCrlj Rat
Sciatic nerve
  • -

    Functional evaluation (SFI) (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks)

  • -

    Electrophysiological evaluation (24 weeks)

  • -

    Gross evaluation (qualitative) (24 weeks)

  • -

    Histology on nerve and surrounding tissue (Masson’s trichrome and Toluidine Blue for morphometric analysis) (24 weeks)

 Scar formation around the radiated nerve. No differences in SFI between groups, but axonal degeneration in the irradiated nerve.
Zanjani et al., 2013 [18] Laceration, crush, mince, and burn of the surrounding muscles Female Wistar Rat
Sciatic nerve
  • -

    Functional evaluation (Toe Out Angle) (weekly up to 4 weeks)

  • -

    Gross Evaluation (Petersen’s classification) (1, 2, 3, 4 weeks)

  • -

    Histology on nerve and surrounding tissue (Masson’s trichrome) (1, 2, 3, 4 weeks)

 Scar tissue formation surrounding the sciatic nerve in gross examination and histological analysis; no differences in functional assessment compared to control.
Abe et al., 2005 [17] Nerve bed cauterization and suturing the nerve in place Male Japanese White Rabbit
Sciatic nerve
  • -

    Gross evaluation (classification based on Fontana’s bands and Sakurai’s classification) (6, 14, 22, 30, or 38 weeks)

  • -

    Electrophysiological evaluation (6, 14, 22, 30, or 38 weeks)

  • -

    Nerve fascicle blood flow (6, 14, 22, 30, or 38 weeks)

  • -

    Histology on nerve and surrounding tissue (Toluidine Blue) (6, 14, 22, 30, or 38 weeks)

 Adhesion of peripheral nerve to surrounding tissues results in fibrosis in the nerve. Compound muscle action potentials were reduced in amplitude, and blood flow was significantly decreased at adhesion sites in Group IIb.

SFI (Sciatic functional index), IHC (Immunohistochemistry), 2F11 (antibody labelling neurofilament), S100 (antibody labelling Schwann cells), CD-68 (Cluster of Differentiation 68, antibody labelling macrophages), CD-3 (Cluster of Differentiation 3, antibody labelling T cells), CD-8 (Cluster of Differentiation 8, antibody labelling cytotoxic T cells).