Table 1.
Aβ-binding proteins found in the shared exosomal proteome and their expression tendency in AD. Gene and protein names of Aβ-binding proteins identified in the exosomes isolated from CSF, serum and plasma are indicated in the table, as well as the respective alterations reported in AD.
| Gene | Protein Name | CSF | Serum | Plasma | Brain | Publication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A2M | Alpha-2-macroglobulin | ↑/= | ↑/= | [24,25,26] | ||
| ALB | Albumin | = | = | [26,27,28,29] | ||
| APCS | Serum amyloid P-component | = | = | ↑ | [30,31,32] | |
| APOA1 | Apolipoprotein A-I | = | ↓ | ↓/= | = | [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43] |
| APOA2 | Apolipoprotein A-II | ↓ | ↓/= | [34,35,38,42] | ||
| APOA4 | Apolipoprotein A-IV | ↑ | [41] | |||
| APOB | Apolipoprotein B-100 | ↓/=/↑ | [35,43,44] | |||
| APOC1 | Apolipoprotein C-I | = | ↓ | [42,45] | ||
| APOC3 | Apolipoprotein C-III | ↓ | [43] | |||
| APOE | Apolipoprotein E | =/↑ | ↑/= | ↓/= | [33,39,40,43,46,47] | |
| BCHE | Cholinesterase | = | ↓ | ↑ | [48,49,50] | |
| C1QA, C1QB and C1QC | Complement C1q | ↓* | ↑** | [51,52,53] | ||
| C3 | Complement C3 | ↑ | ↑ | [54,55] | ||
| C4BPα | C4b-binding protein alpha chain | =* | =*/↓ | [35,56] | ||
| CAT | Catalase | = | ↑/= | [57,58,59] | ||
| CFH | Complement factor H | ↓ | = | = | [60,61,62,63] | |
| CFI | Complement factor I | = | [63] | |||
| CLU | Clusterin | ↑ | ↑/= | ↑/= | [33,35,39,46,47,64,65,66,67] | |
| CSTB | Cystatin-B | Not found | ||||
| F12 | Coagulation factor XII | ↑ | = | [68] | ||
| FGB | Fibrinogen beta chain | ↑ | [44] | |||
| GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | ↑** | ↑ | [69,70] | ||
| GC | Vitamin D-binding protein | ↓ | [35,44] | |||
| GSN | Gelsolin | ↓ | ↓/↑ | =/↓ | [35,71,72,73,74] | |
| HP | Haptoglobin | ↑ | ↑/= | [26,75,76,77,78] | ||
| HSPB1 | Heat shock protein beta-1 | ↑ | [79] | |||
| IGHM | Immunoglobulin heavy constant mu | ↑ | [35] | |||
| L1CAM | Neural cell adhesion molecule L1 | =*** | [19,80] | |||
| LRP1 | Prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 | ↓ | ↑/↓ | [81,82,83,84] | ||
| NCL | Nucleolin | ↓ | [85] | |||
| PFN1 | Profilin-1 | Not found | ||||
| PZP | Pregnancy zone protein | ↑ | ↑ | [86,87] | ||
| RELN | Reelin | ↑ | = | ↑ | [88,89,90] | |
| S100A8 | Protein S100-A8 | ↓ | [91] | |||
| S100A9 | Protein S100-A9 | ↓ | ↓ | = | [91,92,93] | |
| SELENOP | Selenoprotein P | ↑ | ↑ | [94] | ||
| SERPINA1 | Alpha-1-antitrypsin | ↑/= | ↑/= | ↑/= | [26,42,67,95,96] | |
| SERPINA3 | Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, ACT | ↑/= | ↑/= | ↑ | ↑ | [95,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114] |
| TF | Serotransferrin | = | = | [115,116] | ||
| THBS1 | Thrombospondin-1 | ↓ | ↓ | [91,117] | ||
| TTR | Transthyretin | ↓/= | ↓ | ↓/↑ | [35,118,119,120,121,122] | |
| TUBB | Tubulin | ↓* | [70] |
* For C1QA, C1QB and C1QC, articles where C1Q levels were assessed were considered. The same happened for the tubulin β chain and C4BPα chain, where tubulin or C4BP levels were considered, independently of the chain. ** Levels of S-glutathionylated GAPDH form were reported. *** Plasma-derived exosomes. ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; =, no change.