Table 2.
Maternal grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy and risk for asthma and early childhood asthma in grandchildren. Stratified by gender and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Adjusted for gender, maternal smoking, current or former smoking, passive environmental smoke exposure in childhood, maternal age, birth weight, gestational age, breast feeding and socioeconomic status
| Children (<18 years) | Adults (≥18 years) | |||||||
| Asthma | Early childhood asthma | Asthma | Early childhood asthma | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Total | 1081 cases/8419 controls | 860 cases/8419 controls | 2309 cases/18 737 controls | 874 cases/18 737 controls | ||||
| Unadjusted | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.06) | 0.233 | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.12) | 0.569 | 1.29 (1.10 to 1.51) | 0.002 | 1.55 (1.23 to 1.96) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted | 0.88 (0.76 to 1.03) | 0.107 | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.09) | 0.322 | 1.18 (1.00 to 1.39) | 0.051 | 1.35 (1.06 to 1.71) | 0.013 |
| Females | 478 cases/4381 controls | 348 cases/4381 controls | 1443 cases/11 623 controls | 454 cases/11 623 controls | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.08 (0.87 to 1.34) | 0.464 | 1.22 (0.95 to 1.55) | 0.113 | 1.16 (0.94 to 1.42) | 0.167 | 1.45 (1.05 to 2.01) | 0.023 |
| Adjusted | 1.07 (0.86 to 1.34) | 0.526 | 1.20 (0.94 to 1.54) | 0.144 | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.31) | 0.580 | 1.24 (0.89 to 1.73) | 0.198 |
| Males | 603 cases/4038 controls | 512 cases/4038 controls | 866 cases/7114 controls | 420 cases/7114 controls | ||||
| Unadjusted | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.97) | 0.026 | 0.79 (0.63 to 0.99) | 0.043 | 1.54 (1.19 to 1.99) | 0.001 | 1.73 (1.23 to 2.42) | 0.001 |
| Adjusted | 0.74 (0.59 to 0.92) | 0.006 | 0.74 (0.59 to 0.93) | 0.011 | 1.38 (1.06 to 1.79) | 0.016 | 1.49 (1.06 to 2.11) | 0.023 |
| Non-smoking mother | 906 cases/7384 controls | 742 cases/7384 controls | 1608 cases/13 451 controls | 616 cases/13 451 controls | ||||
| Unadjusted | 0.88 (0.74 to 1.04) | 0.143 | 0.96 (0.80 to 1.15) | 0.657 | 1.21 (0.98 to 1.50) | 0.077 | 1.51 (1.12 to 2.05) | 0.007 |
| Adjusted | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.02) | 0.088 | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.12) | 0.439 | 1.14 (0.92 to 1.42) | 0.228 | 1.32 (0.97 to 1.80) | 0.076 |
| Smoking mother | 134 cases/950 controls | 102 cases/950 controls | 450 cases/3319 controls | 160 cases/3319 controls | ||||
| Unadjusted | 0.96 (0.66 to 1.39) | 0.828 | 0.94 (0.62 to 1.43) | 0.760 | 1.19 (0.88 to 1.61) | 0.256 | 1.13 (0.69 to 1.85) | 0.629 |
| Adjusted | 0.86 (0.58 to 1.26) | 0.435 | 0.84 (0.54 to 1.31) | 0.448 | 1.04 (0.77 to 1.42) | 0.795 | 0.94 (0.57 to 1.56) | 0.810 |