Table 1.
Effect sizes [95% confidence intervals] for all contrasts during submaximal exercise.
| Contrast | Intensity | Heart Rate | Gross Efficiency | RPE | RER | Fat Oxidation (g/min) | Carbohydrate Oxidation (g/min) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARB-FASTED | VT60 | Small | Trivial | Trivial | Large | Large | Medium |
| ES = 0.34 | ES = −0.15 | ES = 0.08 | ES = 1.29 | ES = −0.85 | ES = 0.69 | ||
| [0.07, 0.61] | [−0.32, 0.02] | [−0.23, 0.39] | [0.69, 1.89] | [−1.46, −0.25] | [0.18, 1.21] | ||
| CARB-PROTEIN | VT60 | Trivial | Trivial | Trivial | Large | Medium | Small |
| ES = −0.06 | ES = 0.11 | ES = 0.15 | ES = 0.80 | ES = −0.54 | ES = 0.37 | ||
| [−0.37, 0.25] | [−0.06, 0.28] | [−0.16, 0.45] | [0.28, 1.33] | [−1, −0.07] | [−0.1, 0.84] | ||
| FASTED-PROTEIN | VT60 | Small | Small | Trivial | Small | Small | Small |
| ES = −0.4 | ES = 0.26 | ES = 0.07 | ES = −0.49 | ES = 0.32 | ES = −0.33 | ||
| [−0.55, −0.24] | [0.09, 0.42] | [−0.23, 0.37] | [−1.03, 0.06] | [−0.2, 0.84] | [−0.82, 0.17] | ||
| CARB-FASTED | VT80 | Small | Trivial | Trivial | Large | Large | Medium |
| ES = 0.34 | ES = −0.15 | ES = 0.08 | ES = 0.95 | ES = −0.82 | ES = 0.67 | ||
| [0.07, 0.61] | [−0.32, 0.02] | [−0.23, 0.39] | [0.36, 1.54] | [−1.43, −0.22] | [0.16, 1.19] | ||
| CARB-PROTEIN | VT80 | Trivial | Trivial | Trivial | Medium | Small | Small |
| ES = −0.06 | ES = 0.11 | ES = 0.15 | ES = 0.50 | ES = −0.47 | ES = 0.31 | ||
| [−0.37, 0.25] | [−0.06, 0.28] | [−0.16, 0.45] | [−0.02, 1.02] | [−0.94, −0.01] | [−0.16, 0.77] | ||
| FASTED-PROTEIN | VT80 | Small | Small | Trivial | Small | Small | Small |
| ES = −0.4 | ES = 0.26 | ES = 0.07 | ES = −0.45 | ES = 0.35 | ES = −0.37 | ||
| [−0.55, −0.24] | [0.09, 0.42] | [−0.23, 0.37] | [−0.99, 0.09] | [−0.17, 0.87] | [−0.86, 0.13] | ||
| CARB-FASTED | VT100 | Small | Trivial | Trivial | Medium | Medium | Medium |
| ES = 0.34 | ES = −0.15 | ES = 0.08 | ES = 0.71 | ES = −0.75 | ES = 0.66 | ||
| [0.07, 0.61] | [−0.32, 0.02] | [−0.23, 0.39] | [0.13, 1.3] | [−1.35, −0.15] | [0.14, 1.17] | ||
| CARB-PROTEIN | VT100 | Trivial | Trivial | Trivial | Trivial | Small | Trivial |
| ES = −0.06 | ES = 0.11 | ES = 0.15 | ES = 0.19 | ES = −0.26 | ES = 0.13 | ||
| [−0.37, 0.25] | [−0.06, 0.28] | [−0.16, 0.45] | [−0.33, 0.7] | [−0.73, 0.2] | [−0.34, 0.59] | ||
| FASTED-PROTEIN | VT100 | Small | Small | Trivial | Medium | Small | Medium |
| ES = −0.4 | ES = 0.26 | ES = 0.07 | ES = −0.53 | ES = 0.49 | ES = −0.53 | ||
| [−0.55, −0.24] | [0.09, 0.42] | [−0.23, 0.37] | [−1.07, 0.01] | [−0.03, 1.01] | [−1.02, −0.03] | ||
| CARB-FASTED | VTΔ20 | Small | Trivial | Trivial | Small | Medium | Medium |
| ES = 0.34 | ES = −0.15 | ES = 0.08 | ES = 0.44 | ES = −0.52 | ES = 0.53 | ||
| [0.07, 0.61] | [−0.32, 0.02] | [−0.23, 0.39] | [−0.14, 1.03] | [−1.13, 0.09] | [0, 1.05] | ||
| CARB-PROTEIN | VTΔ20 | Trivial | Trivial | Trivial | Trivial | Trivial | Trivial |
| ES = −0.06 | ES = 0.11 | ES = 0.15 | ES = 0.14 | ES = −0.11 | ES = 0.07 | ||
| [−0.37, 0.25] | [−0.06, 0.28] | [−0.16, 0.45] | [−0.37, 0.66] | [−0.58, 0.36] | [−0.4, 0.54] | ||
| FASTED-PROTEIN | VTΔ20 | Small | Small | Trivial | Small | Small | Small |
| ES = −0.4 | ES = 0.26 | ES = 0.07 | ES = −0.30 | ES = 0.41 | ES = −0.46 | ||
| [−0.55, −0.24] | [0.09, 0.42] | [−0.23, 0.37] | [−0.84, 0.24] | [−0.11, 0.94] | [−0.96, 0.04] |
Submaximal exercise consisted of 4 × 5-min stages at a power equivalent to 60%, 80%, and 100% of the first ventilatory threshold (VT) (VT60, VT80, VT100, respectively), and 20% of the difference between VT and Wmax (VTΔ20). RER: Respiratory exchange ratio, RPE: Rating of perceived exertion.