Skip to main content
. 2021 Apr 14;10(4):897. doi: 10.3390/cells10040897

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The role of macrophages in ALI/ARDS. Bacterial infection induces the development of ALI and ARDS. Under these conditions, AMs can be classified as M1 and M2 macrophages. Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-γ, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce M1 phenotype macrophages, which produce iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1, which are responsible for the pro-inflammatory, chemotaxis, radical formation, matrix degradation, and antimicrobial activities during the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13, induce M2 phenotype macrophages (divided into M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d), and these cells produce anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, in ALI/ARDS.