Table 2.
Associations between changes from baseline to year two (Δ = T2 − T0) of food parenting practices and changes in dietary intake in girls.
| Nutrient-Dense Foods | Energy-Dense/Nutrient-Poor Foods | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Δ Water | Δ Fruits and Berries | Δ Canned Fruits and Berries | Δ 100% Fruit Juice | Δ Vegetables | Δ F and V1 | Δ F and V2 | Δ Soft Drinks and Sugar Juices | Δ Light Soft Drinks | Δ Sweets | Δ Salty Snacks and Fast Food | |
| β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | β (p-Value) | |
| Positive FPP | |||||||||||
| Δ HA Fruit | - 0.030 (0.061) | 0.132 (<0.001) | −0.051 (0.046) | 0.011 (0.655) | 0.058 (0.024) | 0.129 (<0.001) | 0.115 (<0.001) | −0.032 (0.193) | 0.012 (0.598) | −0.006 (0.819) | −0.006 (0.821) |
| Δ HA 100% fruit juice | 0.008 (0.625) | 0.049 (0.030) | 0.042 (0.100) | 0.228 (<0.001) | 0.014 (0.600) | 0.102 (<0.001) | 0.106 (<0.001) | 0.032 (0.191) | −0.015 (0.497) | 0.015 (0.533) | −0.015 (0.586) |
| Δ HA Vegetables | 0.011 (0.493) | 0.074 (0.001) | −0.022 (0.397) | 0.033 (0.176) | 0.111 (<0.001) | 0.121 (<0.001) | 0.116 (<0.001) | −0.005 (0.842) | −0.001 (0.963) | 0.020 (0.415) | −0.009 (0.759) |
| Δ Modeling of fruit intake | 0.038 (0.020) | 0.165 (<0.001) | 0.049 (0.059) | 0.036 (0.141) | 0.093 (<0.001) | 0.174 (<0.001) | 0.180 (<0.001) | −0.069 (0.005) | −0.006 (0.776) | 0.018 (0.466) | −0.028 (0.328) |
| Negative FPP | |||||||||||
| Δ HA Sugar juices | 0.001 (0.935) | −0.054 (0.019) | 0.024 (0.349) | 0.033 (0.180) | −0.019 (0.467) | −0.018 (0.486) | −0.011 (0.664) | 0.197 (<0.001) | −0.045 (0.043) | 0.082 (0.001) | 0.049 (0.080) |
| Δ HA Soft drinks | 0.000 (0.986) | −0.013 (0.564) | 0.039 (0.126) | 0.013 (0.597) | −0.070 (0.007) | −0.030 (0.242) | −0.020 (0.453) | 0.147 (<0.001) | −0.055 (0.014) | 0.029 (0.239) | 0.118 (<0.001) |
| Δ HA Light soft drinks | 0.020 (0.230) | −0.031 (0.171) | 0.029 (0.266) | −0.001 (0.977) | 0.009 (0.724) | −0.011 (0.665) | −0.007 (0.782) | −0.004 (0.886) | 0.066 (0.003) | 0.009 (0.709) | 0.058 (0.040) |
| Δ HA Sweets | 0.012 (0.484) | −0.031 (0.171) | −0.010 (0.705) | −0.022 (0.377) | −0.017 (0.504) | −0.027 (0.312) | −0.027 (0.310) | 0.063 (0.010) | 0.008 (0.727) | 0.186 (<0.001) | 0.145 (<0.001) |
| Δ HA Salty snacks | 0.018 (0.266) | 0.017 (0.462) | −0.030 (0.425) | 0.017 (0.493) | −0.018 (0.475) | 0.013 (0.603) | 0.012 (0.655) | 0.037 (0.128) | −0.028 (0.210) | 0.123 (<0.001) | 0.221 (<0.001) |
| Δ Permissiveness | 0.022 (0.177) | −0.039 (0.092) | −0.066 (0.011) | 0.046 (0.060) | −0.042 (0.107) | −0.034 (0.189) | −0.041 (0.113) | 0.021 (0.384) | −0.018 (0.422) | 0.023 (<0.001) | 0.077 (0.006) |
| Δ Use of foods as reward * | −0.018 (0.270) | 0.009 (0.695) | 0.007 (0.772) | 0.024 (0.320) | −0.056 (0.031) | −0.003 (0.907) | −0.003 (0.919) | 0.017 (0.484) | 0.008 (0.735) | 0.104 (<0.001) | 0.074 (0.009) |
n = 1494, except salty snacks n = 1268. Linear regressions were performed individually and were adjusted for country, group (control vs. intervention), parental education, sex, age, and the change from T0 to T2 of BMI and children’s gender, age, and the change from T0 to T2 in BMI. β = Standardized coefficients; FPP, food parenting practices; HA, home availability. Boldface indicates statistical significance at 0.05. (*) Unhealthy foods such as sweets, salty snacks, and fast food.