Table 5.
Multilevel logistic regression analysis by combinations of change for food parenting practices over time (T0 to T2) and its effects on the compliance of recommendations for healthy foods at follow-up in boys, n = 1473.
| Categories of Nutrient-Dense Foods † | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | Fruits and Berries | Canned Fruits | 100% Fruit Juice | Vegetables | F and V1 | F and V2 | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Positive Food Parenting Practices | |||||||
| HA of fruit Never/Decreased Improved (increased) Often |
Ref. 0.38 (0.12; 1.24) 0.73 (0.35; 1.51) |
Ref. 4.03 (1.24; 13.12) 10.02 (3.85; 26.08) |
Ref. N.A 0.95 (0.12; 7.41) |
Ref. 0.43 (0.11; 1.75) 1.07 (0.45; 2.52) |
Ref. 1.05 (0.35; 3.11) 3.10 (1.47; 6.55) |
Ref. 0.70 (0.06; 8.41) 2.56 (0.54; 12.04) |
Ref. 0.72 (0.06; 8.60) 3.12 (0.66; 14.60) |
| HA of 100% fruit juice Never/Decreased Improved Often |
Ref. 1.11 (0.73; 1.70) 0.91 (0.65; 1.28) |
Ref. 1.41 (1.02; 1.94) 1.51 (1.17; 1.95) |
Ref. 1.90 (0.62; 5.83) 2.53 (0.99; 6.44) |
Ref. 4.50 (2.57; 7.87) 8.17 (5.03; 13.28) |
Ref. 1.26 (0.91; 1.76) 1.03 (0.79; 1.35) |
Ref. 1.09 (0.63; 1.91) 1.05 (0.68; 1.62) |
Ref. 1.53 (0.93; 2.54) 1.30 (0.85; 1.98) |
| HA of vegetables Never/Decreased Improved Often |
Ref. 0.28 (0.08; 0.94) 0.47 (0.22; 1.00) |
Ref. 1.70 (0.56; 5.18) 3.65 (1.61; 8.25) |
Ref. N.A 0.58 (0.07; 4.58) |
Ref. 0.91 (0.23; 3.56) 1.41 (0.53; 3.72) |
Ref. 2.51 (0.52; 12.08) 9.51 (2.81; 32.25) |
Ref. 1.99 (0.31; 12.89) 1.74 (0.40; 7.45) |
Ref. 1.22 (0.23; 6.59) 1.25 (00.37; 4.19) |
| Modeling of fruit Never/Decreased Improved Often |
Ref. 1.08 (0.66; 1.76) 1.25 (0.88; 1.77) |
Ref. 2.20 (1.52; 3.21) 3.50 (2.66; 4.59) |
Ref. 3.45 (0.80; 14.87) 3.01 (0.87; 10.35) |
Ref. 1.22 (0.75; 2.00) 1.05 (0.73; 1.52) |
Ref. 1.31 (0.88; 1.94) 1.81 (1.37; 2.39) |
Ref. 1.03 (0.46; 2.30) 2.17 (1.28; 3.70) |
Ref. 1.24 (0.60; 2.56) 2.33 (1.41; 3.85) |
| Negative Food Parenting Practices | |||||||
| HA of sugar juices Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 1.64 (1.14; 2.35) 1.37 (0.96; 1.95) |
Ref. 1.08 (0.82; 1.43) 1.23 (0.95; 1.60) |
Ref. 0.56 (0.18; 1.80) 1.45 (0.62; 3.37) |
Ref. 0.79 (0.54; 1.17) 0.76 (0.53; 1.10) |
Ref. 1.24 (0.92; 1.67) 1.30 (0.98; 1.71) |
Ref. 0.61 (0.36; 1.01) 0.76 (0.48; 1.19) |
Ref. 0.68 (0.42; 1.09) 0.86 (0.56; 1.31) |
| HA of soft drinks Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 1.04 (0.67; 1.62) 1.09 (0.76; 1.57) |
Ref. 1.27 (0.91; 1.77) 1.57 (1.20; 2.06) |
Ref. 0.53 (0.11; 2.65) 1.79 (0.70; 4.60) |
Ref. 0.97 (0.61; 1.54) 1.07 (0.73; 1.55) |
Ref. 1.03 (0.72; 1.48) 1.54 (1.16; 2.05) |
Ref. 0.48 (0.24; 0.95) 1.07 (0.70; 1.64) |
Ref. 0.48 (0.25; 0.93) 1.22 (0.82; 1.83) |
| HA of light soft drinks Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 0.74 (0.44; 1.25) 1.13 (0.80; 1.61) |
Ref. 0.85 (0.58; 1.25) 1.10 (0.84; 1.44) |
Ref. 1.62 (0.39; 6.70) 1.76 (0.64; 4.88) |
Ref. 0.78 (0.46; 1.32) 0.84 (0.58; 1.20) |
Ref. 0.78 (0.52; 1.19) 1.05 (0.79; 1.39) |
Ref. 0.82 (0.39; 1.71) 1.21 (0.78; 1.86) |
Ref. 0.92 (0.47; 1.81) 1.31 (0.87; 1.96) |
| HA of sweets Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 1.52 (1.07; 2.17) 0.97 (0.32; 2.99) |
Ref. 0.99 (0.73; 1.33) 1.80 (0.83; 3.95) |
Ref. 0.56 (0.16; 1.88) N.A |
Ref. 0.81 (0.53; 1.25) 0.87 (0.28; 2.68) |
Ref. 0.92 (0.67; 1.26) 1.38 (0.63; 3.02) |
Ref. 0.78 (0.44; 1.38) 0.88 (0.20; 3.81) |
Ref. 0.97 (0.59; 1.60) 0.69 (0.16; 3.01) |
| HA of salty snacks Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 1.34 (0.93; 1.92) 1.19 (0.82; 1.74) |
Ref. 0.95 (0.71; 1.28) 1.47 (1.09; 1.97) |
Ref. 1.14 (0.43; 3.00) 0.99 (0.35; 2.81) |
Ref. 1.33 (0.88; 2.00) 1.67 (1.11; 2.50) |
Ref. 0.96 (0.70; 1.31) 1.27 (0.94; 1.73) |
Ref. 1.02 (0.59; 1.77) 1.89 (1.20; 2.99) |
Ref. 1.34 (0.83; 2.16) 1.85 (1.19; 2.88) |
| Permissiveness Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 1.12 (0.78; 1.60) 0.92 (0.62; 1.37) |
Ref. 1.01 (0.75; 1.35) 1.12 (0.84; 1.50) |
Ref. 0.49 (0.14; 1.68) 0.78 (0.28; 2.16) |
Ref. 0.52 (0.34; 0.81) 0.53 (0.34; 0.83) |
Ref. 0.85 (0.63; 1.16) 1.05 (0.77; 1.42) |
Ref. 1.26 (0.76; 2.08) 1.35 (0.83; 2.19) |
Ref. 1.17 (0.73; 1.89) 1.33 (0.85; 2.09) |
| Use of food as a reward * Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 0.68 (0.41; 1.12) 0.68 (0.46; 0.99) |
Ref. 0.80 (0.55; 1.17) 1.12 (0.83; 1.50) |
Ref. 1.08 (0.30; 3.82) 1.00 (0.36; 2.77) |
Ref. 1.03 (0.57; 1.87) 1.65 (1.06; 2.57) |
Ref. 1.29 (0.86; 1.94) 1.54 (1.12; 2.11) |
Ref. 2.30 (1.04; 5.08) 2.43 (1.23; 4.78) |
Ref. 1.53 (0.78; 3.03) 1.71 (0.98; 2.98) |
N= 1473. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio (odds for being allocated in the group that follows recommendations); 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. T0, baseline period, T2, follow-up period, CI, confidence intervals; Ref, reference category; HA, home availability; N.A, not applicable. F and V1: indicates the sum of servings of fresh or frozen fruit and berries, fresh fruit juices and vegetables. F and V2: Same as in fruits and vegetables1 and together with canned fruits and berries. Multilevel logistic regression adjusted for parental (age, gender, education level, and change in BMI from T0 to T2) and children’s (age, gender, and change in BMI from T0 to T2) characteristics. Categories of FPP indicate change in the use of them over time. All models of the multilevel logistic regression include random effects (country and group) to account for the study design. † Analyses were performed with outcome variables indicating compliance with recommendations, where 0 = no and 1 = yes. Ref. categories for healthy foods were the following: water = six or more servings per day; fruits and berries, canned fruit, fresh fruit juice and vegetables = one to two servings per day, F and V1 and F and V2 = five or more servings per day. (*) Unhealthy foods such as sweets, salty snacks, and fast food.