Table 6.
Multilevel logistic regression analysis by combinations of change for food parenting practices over time (T0 to T2) and its effects on the compliance of recommendations for energy-dense/nutrient-poor foods at follow-up in girls, N = 1494 *.
| Categories of Energy-Dense/Nutrient-Poor Foods † | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soft Drinks and Sugar Juices | Light Soft Drinks | Sweets | Salty Snacks and Fast Foods | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Positive Food Parenting Practices | ||||
| HA of fruit Never/Decreased Improved (increased) Often |
Ref. 1.20 (0.44; 3.26) 0.93 (0.44; 1.93) |
Ref. 0.38 (0.11; 1.36) 0.76 (0.28; 2.06) |
Ref. 1.22 (0.30; 4.97) 0.82 (0.29; 2.34) |
Ref. N.A 1.08 (0.44; 2.65) |
| HA of 100% fruit juice Never/Decreased Improved Often |
Ref. 0.90 (0.58; 1.11) 0.78 (0.60; 1.10) |
Ref. 0.99 (0.64; 1.52) 0.85 (0.60; 1.20) |
Ref. 0.86 (0.50; 1.47) 0.82 (0.54; 1.27) |
Ref. 0.75 (0.26; 2.18) 0.53 (0.22; 1.29) |
| HA of vegetables Never/Decreased Improved Often |
Ref. 1.88 (0.70; 5.03) 1.36 (0.73; 2.54) |
Ref. 0.68 (0.18; 2.56) 0.61 (0.25; 1.47) |
Ref. 3.32 (0.84; 13.18) 2.62 (0.88; 7.81) |
Ref. 6.62 (0.55; 79.99) 6.03 (0.68; 53.74) |
| Modeling of fruit Never/Decreased Improved Often |
Ref. 1.29 (0.89; 1.87) 1.30 (0.99; 1.70) |
Ref. 1.22 (0.73; 2.05) 0.88 (0.61; 1.26) |
Ref. 0.79 (0.42; 1.49) 1.15 (0.73; 1.83) |
Ref. 0.78 (0.25; 2.39) 0.83 (0.32; 2.20) |
| Negative Food Parenting Practices | ||||
| HA of sugar juices Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 2.81 (2.09; 3.79) 5.35 (4.00; 7.18) |
Ref. 1.08 (0.74; 1.57) 1.33 (0.91; 1.93) |
Ref. 1.68 (1.00; 2.82) 1.92 (1.19; 3.10) |
Ref. 1.50 (0.51; 4.44) 3.63 (1.32; 10.00) |
| HA of soft drinks Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 3.14 (2.20; 4.49) 6.14 (4.53; 8.30) |
Ref. 0.60 (0.40; 0.92) 1.12 (0.77; 1.63) |
Ref. 1.94 (1.06; 3.55) 2.15 (1.30; 3.57) |
Ref. 1.09 (0.30; 3.90) 3.88 (1.45; 10.36) |
| HA of light soft drinks Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 1.41 (0.95; 2.10) 1.44 (1.09; 1.90) |
Ref. 5.11 (2.83; 9.24) 12.59 (8.06; 19.69) |
Ref. 1.19 (0.61; 2.32) 1.86 (1.16; 2.98) |
Ref. 0.31 (0.03; 3.59) 3.48 (1.32; 9.17) |
| HA of sweets Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 1.45 (1.06; 1.96) 2.18 (0.86; 5.54) |
Ref. 0.93 (0.61; 1.41) 0.60 (0.21; 1.75) |
Ref. 2.36 (1.52; 3.67) 10.98 (4.41;27.36) |
Ref. 1.14 (0.41; 3.16) 1.56 (0.10; 24.42) |
| HA of salty snacks Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 1.15 (0.84; 1.57) 1.85 (1.35; 2.54) |
Ref. 0.92 (0.60; 1.40) 1.06 (0.69; 1.64) |
Ref. 2.55 (1.52; 4.28) 3.65 (2.22; 5.98) |
Ref. 1.88 (0.57; 6.15) 9.31 (3.28; 26.44) |
| Allowance of salty snacks Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 1.23 (0.91; 1.66) 1.63 (1.21; 2.18) |
Ref. 0.83 (0.56; 1.11) 1.06 (00.72; 1.57) |
Ref. 1.87 (1.14; 3.06) 2.83 (1.78; 4.48) |
Ref. 2.97 (1.12; 7.84) 8.83 (3.00; 25.96) |
| Use of food as a reward Often/Increased Improved (decreased) Never |
Ref. 0.97 (0.65; 1.47) 1.83 (1.36; 2.47) |
Ref. 1.19 (0.70; 2.04) 1.25 (0.85; 1.84) |
Ref. 1.16 (0.53; 2.55) 1.76 (1.00; 3.09) |
Ref. 1.78 (0.22; 6.36) 2.96 (0.86; 10.15) |
N = 1494 *, except for salty snacks †, n = 1268. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio (odds for being allocated in the group that follows recommendations); 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; HA, home availability; T0, baseline period, T1, follow-up period, CI, confidence intervals; Ref, reference category. Multilevel logistic regression was adjusted for BMI at T0 and T1, sex, age, parental education, and center. Categories of FPP indicate a change in the use of them over time. All models of the multilevel logistic regression include random effects (country and group) to account for the study design. Ref. for energy-dense/nutrient-poor foods: one serving or less per week for each food item.