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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
(a) The QM models of the AT and GC base pairs used in the QM/MM calculation; (b) The QM/MM optimized geometry of the AT2 base pair in DNA, the B97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory, the water molecules and the Na+ ions are not shown for clarity of the picture.