Table 1.

Effect of glyphosate, N. ceranae, and both stress factors on honey bee gut microbiota, immunity, DWV infection level and syrup consumption, evaluated by generalized linear mixed models. p values under 0.05 were considered statistically significant and are shown in bold. * indicates interaction between factors.

Dependent Variable	Independent Variable	Coefficient Value	Intercept Value	p Value
Observed ASVs	N. ceranae	0.2	4.01	0.004
	Glyphosate	0.46		≤0.001
	N. ceranae + Glyphosate	0.62		≤0.001
Shannon diversity index	N. ceranae	−0.005	0.83	0.95
	Glyphosate	0.01		0.86
	N. ceranae + Glyphosate	0.19		0.03
Lysozyme	N. ceranae	1.38	−1.29	≤0.001
	Glyphosate	0.69		≤0.001
	N. ceranae + Glyphosate	0.67		≤0.001
	Time	-		ns
Glucose oxidase	N. ceranae	0.07	−0.24	0.16
	Glyphosate	0.32		≤0.001
	N. ceranae + Glyphosate	0.25		≤0.001
	Time	-		ns
Prophenol oxidase	N. ceranae	0.04	−0.37	0.24
	Glyphosate	−0.007		0.83
	N. ceranae + Glyphosate	0.04		0.17
	Time	0.15		≤0.001
Hymenoptaecin	N. ceranae	0.77	0.99	0.05
	Glyphosate	0.24		0.57
	N. ceranae + Glyphosate	0.33		0.43
	Time	1.67		≤0.001
Vitellogenin	N. ceranae	−0.16	−0.16	≤0.001
	Glyphosate	−0.14		≤0.001
	N. ceranae + Glyphosate	−0.12		≤0.001
	Time	−0.08		≤0.001
	N. ceranae * Time	0.09		≤0.001
	Glyphosate * Time	0.08		≤0.001
	N. ceranae + Glyphosate * Time	0.07		≤0.001
Deformed Wing Virus	N. ceranae	0.44	−0.24	0.07
	Glyphosate	−0.11		0.01
	N. ceranae + Glyphosate	0.03		≤0.001
	Time	-		ns
Syrup consumption	N. ceranae	−0.02	2.65	0.73
	Glyphosate	−0.07		0.28
	N. ceranae + Glyphosate	0.08		0.16