Table 2.
Clinical Symptoms, Medications, Treatments and Outcomes of COVID‐19 Patients Classified by Framingham Risk Score
| Variables | Total (n = 206) | Low Risk (n =71) | Intermediate Risk (n = 49) | High Risk (n = 86) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical symptoms | |||||
| Cough | 128 (62.4) | 41 (57.7) | 34 (69.4) | 53 (62.4) | 0.433 |
| Fever | 151 (73.7) | 48 (67.6) | 36 (73.5) | 67 (78.8) | 0.285 |
| SOB | 154 (75.9) | 49 (70) | 43 (87.8) | 62 (73.8) | 0.071 |
| Sputum | 33 (16) | 4 (5.6) | 13 (26.5) | 16 (18.6) | 0.006* |
| Hemoptysis | 3 (1.5) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.3) | 0.555 |
| Sore Throat | 22 (10.7) | 5 (7) | 6 (12.2) | 11 (12.8) | 0.469 |
| Neurological symptoms | 22 (10.7) | 8 (11.3) | 6 (12.2) | 8 (9.3) | 0.851 |
| Diarrhea | 53 (25.9) | 18 (25.4) | 13 (27.1) | 22 (25.6) | 0.975 |
| Nausea and vomiting | 50 (24.3) | 16 (22.5) | 9 (18.4) | 25 (29.1) | 0.346 |
| Abdominal Pain | 19 (9.2) | 8 (11.3) | 2 (4.1) | 9 (10.5) | 0.357 |
| Treatments | |||||
| Steroids | 116 (56.6) | 33 (46.5) | 33 (67.3) | 50 (58.8) | 0.066 |
| Antibiotics | 186 (90.3) | 60 (84.5) | 46 (93.9) | 80 (93) | 0.125 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 5 (2.4) | 3 (4.2) | 2 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 0.159 |
| Azithromycin | 121 (58.7) | 33 (46.5) | 33 (67.3) | 55 (64) | 0.032* |
| Anti-viral | 8 (3.9) | 4 (5.6) | 2 (4.1) | 2 (2.3) | 0.564 |
| Laboratory Results | |||||
| HgA1C | 8.1± 5.9 | 7.1 ± 2.7 | 7.9± 2.6 | 9.3 ± 9.4 | 0.182 |
| D-dimer | 3.3± 4.9 | 2.7 ± 4.6 | 2.0± 2.0 | 4 ± 5.9 | 0.407 |
| HDL | 0.9± 0.44 | 1 ± 0.5 | 0.8± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.200 |
| LDL | 2.0± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 1.9± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 0.495 |
| PT | 15.1± 3.4 | 15.4 ± 3.1 | 15.1± 5 | 15.5 ± 3.5 | 0.579 |
| APTT | 41.2± 15.6 | 42.2 ± 19.8 | 39.9± 9.6 | 42.1 ± 17.9 | 0.221 |
| Ferritin | 1100.8± 1298.3 | 1184.2 ± 1627.6 | 1334.4± 1343.9 | 1034.6 ± 1166.2 | 0.322 |
| LDH | 540.1± 818.1 | 655 ± 1560 | 524± 244 | 473 ± 204 | 0.270 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Pneumonia | 175 (85) | 52 (73.2) | 47 (95.9) | 76 (88.4) | 0.001* |
| ARDS | 21 (10.2) | 6 (8.5) | 7 (14.3) | 8 (9.3) | 0.547 |
| Mechanical Ventilation | 58 (28.3) | 18 (25.4) | 20 (41.7) | 20 (23.3) | 0.061 |
| Shock | 15 (7.3) | 4 (5.6) | 5 (10.2) | 6 (7) | 0.632 |
| Acute Kidney Injury | 57 (27.7) | 16 (22.5) | 13 (26.5) | 28 (32.6) | 0.369 |
| Heart Failure | 17 (8.3) | 1 (1.4) | 6 (12.2) | 10 (11.6) | 0.035* |
| ICU admission | 119 (57.8) | 38 (53.5) | 35 (71.4) | 46 (53.5) | 0.085 |
| LOS (day) | 18.9 ± 15.5 | 17.5 ± 16.6 | 23.6 ± 16.7 | 17.9 ± 14.9 | 0.193 |
| Death | 58 (28.2) | 15 (21.1) | 16 (32.7) | 27 (31.4) | 0.263 |
Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%); *Statistically significant.
Abbreviations: SOB, shortness of breath; HgA1C, hemoglobin a1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PT, prothrombin time; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; LDH, lactic dehydrogenase; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; LOS, length of stay.