Table 3.

Multiple Logistic Regression Analyses of Risk Factors Associated with Framingham Risk Score for COVID‐19 Patients

Risk Factor Variables	Framingham Risk Scoring
	Low Risk (< 10%) (ref)			Intermediate Risk (10–20%)			High Risk (> 20%)
	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Age (yr)	–	–	–	1.35	1.19, 1.54	< 0.001*	1.62	1.38, 1.90	< 0.001*
Male sex (vs female)	–	–	–	0.06	0.01, 0.43	0.005*	0.01	0.00, 0.04	< 0.001*
Smoker (vs non-smoker)	–	–	–	5.52	0.29, 104.99	0.256	7.09	0.13, 396.99	0.340
Comorbidity present (vs not present)
Hypertension	–	–	–	5.65	1.08, 29.33	0.039*	10.98	1.75, 68.95	0.011*
Diabetes mellitus	–	–	–	23.02	2.43, 218.28	0.006*	210.57	18.26, 2428.16	< 0.001*
Ischemic Heart Disease	–	–	–	0.07	0.00, 6.17	0.246	0.16	0.00, 15.64	0.430
Chronic Kidney Disease	–	–	–	2.66	0.07, 99.90	0.596	0.42	0.00, 21.34	0.668
Chronic lung Disease	–	–	–	6.99	0.59, 83.57	0.124	14.69	0.70, 308.08	0.083
Heart Failure	–	–	–	2.76	0.07, 98.62	0.578	3.75	0.08, 159.57	0.489
Cerebrovascular accident	–	–	–	0.31	0.01, 7.19	0.471	1.55	0.07, 31.73	0.777
Outcomes
Pneumonia	–	–	–	21.19	1.41, 318.65	0.027*	13.63	0.81, 229.50	0.070
ARDS	–	–	–	2.17	0.21, 21.99	0.512	5.59	0.40, 78.60	0.202
Mechanical Ventilation	–	–	–	0.91	0.12, 7.01	0.663	0. 45	0.04, 5.18	0.523
Shock	–	–	–	0.12	0.00, 3.14	0.205	0.07	0.00, 2.09	0.124
Acute Kidney Injury	–	–	–	1.94	0.29, 12.75	0.491	3.16	0.35, 28.83	0.308
Heart Failure	–	–	–	12.09	0.20, 733.84	0.234	13.29	0.20, 886.21	0.227
ICU patients	–	–	–	0.65	0.09, 3.38	0.529	0.93	0.11, 7.89	0.951
LOS (day)				1.06	1.01, 1.12	0.028*	1.05	0.98, 1.11	0.169
Death				0.45	0.05, 3.97	0.476	0.47	0.04, 6.29	0.570

Note: *Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay.