Table 3.

Host proteins with antiviral activity and that change subcellular localization in the presence of a plant virus. Host proteins are organized in blocks based on their natural distribution in the absence of virus.

Virus	Viral Protein or RNA	Host Protein	Host	Movement of Host Protein into	Role	Initial Detection Experiment	Mechanism of Interaction	Experimental System for Detecting New Localization Sites *	Method of Observation: Time	Reference
Cytoplasmic proteins
CaMV	P6	NBR1	A. thaliana	Nucleus	Inhibits salicylic acid-dependent defense responses	Confocal microscopy	Enhanced jasmonic acid signaling	Transgenic A. thaliana expressing 35S:NPR1-GFP leaves	Confocal microscopy: 5 to 40 min	[82]
LMV	HC-Pro	20S α5	A. thaliana	HC-Pro aggregates	Reduces RNase activity on viral RNA	Subcellular fractionation	Protein–protein	Lactuca sativa leaves	BiFC: 4 dpi	[83,84]
PVX	CP, TGBp1, or TGBp2	MPB2Cb	N. benthamiana	ER	Blocks formation of replication compartments	Yeast two hybrid	Protein–protein	N. benthamiana leaves	Confocal microscopy: 2 dpi	[85]
Nuclear proteins
CIRV	p36 and p95pol	RH30	N. benthamiana and A. thaliana	Mitochondria	Blocks assembly of the sites of replication	Confocal microscopy	Protein–protein	N. benthamiana leaves	Confocal microscopy: 84 h	[86]
CNV	p33 and p92pol	RH30	N. benthamiana and A. thaliana	Peroxisome	Blocks assembly of the sites of replication	Confocal microscopy	Protein–protein	N. benthamiana leaves	Confocal microscopy: 84 h	[86]
TBSV	p33 and p92pol	RH30	N. benthamiana and A. thaliana	Peroxisome	Blocks assembly of the sites of replication	Confocal microscopy	Protein–protein	N. benthamiana leaves	Confocal microscopy: 84 h	[86]
TBSV	p19	ALY1 ALY3	A. thaliana	Cytoplasm	Unknown	Yeast two hybrid	Protein–protein	N. benthamiana leaves	Confocal microscopy: 3 dpi	[79]
Vacuolar proteins
CaMV	p4	NBR1	A. thaliana	Inclusion bodies	NBR1-dependent degradation of p4	Yeast two hybrid	Protein–protein	N. benthamiana leaves	Confocal microscopy: 2 dpi	[82]
TuMV	HC-Pro	NBR1	A. thaliana	Granule-like cytoplasmic structures	NBR1-dependent degradation of HC-Pro	Confocal microscopy	Protein–protein	Transgenic A. thaliana expressing NBR1-RFP leaves	Confocal microscopy on systemically infected leaves: 14 dpi	[87]

* Experimental plants are wild type unless noted.