Table 3.

Maternal and offspring short- and long-term complications after gestational diabetes [61].

	Maternal	Offspring
Short-term complications	Gestational hypertension	Macrosomia
	Preeclampsia	Shoulder dystocia, birth trauma
	Cesarean delivery	Hypoglicemia
	Perineal injury	Prematurity
		Fetal distress, adverse perinatal outcome, NICU admission
		Stillbirth
		Neonatal adiposity
Long-term complications	Impaired glucose metabolism in 50% of GDM cases	Obesity
	Type 2 DM- 20 times higher risk	Hyperinsulinemia
	Metabolic syndrome	Early onset cardiovascular disorders
	Cardiovascular disorders	High blood pressure
	Chronic inflammation	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders
	Chronic kidney disease